你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

/ }1 S) L5 h# ]1 ]0 p2 c9 J
The Flap

1 L% ~, G, J% rA flap occurs in three situations.

  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
8 y. l  ?% b1 L' L5 {% k9 e% s      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
                                    
6 f% h( E- B( k1 X/ c  Q" a         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                    
                
/ U2 A) ]  ^+ _) F8 z  water becomes wader
  Do you need some water?
                
  letter becomes ledder
+ \9 F9 g1 C5 l% B5 l! K+ y# G8 C  The letter was in the mailbox.
                
  c3 z& I; S2 M' }7 z  bottle becomes boddle
  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
) r9 W5 s6 c% u- Z                 
  butter becomes budder
  The butter melted in the sun.
5 V0 A0 |1 w8 A) L- w8 t! c& v                                     
. `+ s2 W, F, S" T4 n  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
  H$ v  ^& v  C+ k2 o- j      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
4 J) ^# u6 D7 X( ?4 w: Y      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
      quickly.   
                                    
# d& u$ J( T' e1 @         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                    
                   medical        She is a medical student.
                   sediment            
The sediment on the river bottom is course sand.
3 U7 u, |1 _4 F1 W  v
                   cadence           
5 h. G8 S( a; @Drums keep the cadence in a marching band.
, U& E- _& v# R* V" }! J
5 M( Z1 h" j/ [4 w: \                    cider         This apple cider is great.
                   spider        A spider has eight legs.
! [0 c; `3 ]6 N; D% m/ ^& @                                     
  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
4 I. F8 V" Q$ B8 w8 ^4 U8 j/ w       next. (see section on linking)
                  
! x9 ~& v, K) G. h/ u6 g) v% e         Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
) U8 E7 p- ?5 B                   
* x0 ?; u$ n4 n# L            'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
. K* L) ]( X9 j# e0 D) ~, y8 [          I'll get your bags right away sir.

% c/ x+ i  c" B: E1 |
                  
           'what if' becomes whad dif
          What if we go to Paris for vacation?

  g) h5 d3 ]3 ^6 ~7 `, {7 k0 Q# C
$ `2 J: p  b1 e  K8 l                   
1 J4 G' L0 s8 |3 x             'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
# M7 Q7 d6 j" _# w$ h' k! Z3 c           Might I suggest a new tie?


' `; z$ }# H6 s0 @; X8 Q/ r                   
       
Note: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop

) |! \' D; x7 Y9 MWhen a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.

                           
# o* |, L1 ?; b8 V6 Q+ H: r% A' N         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
3 |4 V& L- J1 P2 A& j3 B$ ]& U                            
5 v/ R9 K; V/ D1 Y- J        
+ k( S, x. G. Z/ F" \4 k    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
' g1 r; R* Q) f" K   Have you eaten yet?
4 c  i- ^9 [$ w! Q! W0 R        
. P8 M0 N* H# c    'satin' becomes sa'n  
   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
! G: \& B' I  G/ m, w+ n        
# n' Q1 S' s. f& S0 i5 n  l    'sentence' becomes se'ence
1 ~: [1 W  O) O* {6 m8 s   This sentence makes no sense.
4 T/ W) G+ E- E+ I2 n        
% r& u: {- y& P" K7 Z5 X  M    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
. Q9 X0 C, J: X, p$ K   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
7 z2 ?' E7 T) E3 n" p: I  m        
    'getting' become ge'n        
   I'm getting to old for this.
       
    'button' becomes but'n   
# H/ x1 L4 Y( V. ]' F4 ^5 z1 I1 O* n   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't


" G+ ?( K1 Z, k( tIn an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
                                             
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
  M) C$ m, _: ]   Then the word is used in a sentence.
9 i+ V4 N2 f" ?1 L( Q% Q                                              
9 E. n& L1 y4 {+ C5 G6 _3 ^* T        
   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
# i4 k+ L% [; ^; H+ Q1 R   We can swim in the lake.


" n- y8 l; _- Q6 W% H7 P# P        
2 e0 e* p0 g7 U7 Y! r   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
( m) L  y: R9 |5 B" q   I can cook pizza.


       
   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
9 X# v2 A  b' k/ }" M   She can read Italian and Russian.

  p/ s; r8 r+ O. Z. m7 A( d
       
   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
% T% a, k7 A3 U' P5 K4 q   They can ride on the roller coaster.

/ U3 k) U+ R( a; V2 v                                              
In the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
" G: r* T! K0 y  e, D2 n                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
9 U7 V0 m2 |8 n( [0 @7 R7 P        
  'We can't go' becomes
1 m6 ], \" n" h7 z& I   We KAN' GO.  
. `" G3 k) @% f1 M% `7 L" w( t
* S6 V6 I9 E; m' kWe can go to the movies.
8 c8 S- v, \) I9 S: q& MWe can't go to the movies.
# {# K3 d. e# A! e5 W  {
# R6 H% W4 S. J        
6 Q0 s, e7 T3 Z5 h5 u" Z& Y  'Larry can't speak' becomes
   Larry KAN' SPEAK.

Larry can speak French.
Larry can't speak French.
* h3 X" e  b$ ^, o! l9 \# P
       
  E7 h$ k. O2 S$ M+ v* Y, R9 h8 }  'She can't do it' becomes
   She KAN' DO it   

She can do it.
She can't do it.

6 o( K2 o* l" q1 [) p, W- T3 ~% b        
  'Some people can't sing' becomes
   Some people KAN' SING
- h+ ?, W7 ^4 q: D4 m, HSome people can sing.
/ g0 [/ w4 B* bSome people can't sing.
4 v  V. r3 {9 @) T" P% e  \
5 L; s. }: P2 Y% e                                              
If the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
                                             
6 u3 Q# i- Y! j   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
7 G- V" m2 B; Q9 ]# y   Then the word is used in a sentence.
0 q0 Y. K1 x" f7 H  \8 ~. G                                              
       
   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
. S, V- K1 q; ^( r  K2 h   We can't attend the concert.
9 H: ]9 @% T0 Z0 O        
   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
4 a/ j# P! H# w   Wally can't invite her to the party.
       
   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
   He can't answer the question.
- Q& b8 C# u; ^5 @
; b7 ^- V- p) E' }" p' |  T        
   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
6 j) D, L/ M5 F   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions
! \0 L0 B3 ]1 n9 e9 o: X4 ~  }
Many times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)
- r! j( x2 Q4 r: @' Z
5 Z, |- m  q# [5 b! y                   
( G# u4 Q+ k8 ?$ N( |0 K     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                          
       
1 F7 r3 m0 w, h/ R* [    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
% P$ X% @- [- B3 k. J% b0 _6 m, |        
& i/ T2 Q$ ^4 j, s1 W7 R% v) L   
, ]; f! ~6 Z7 ?3 g) T
       
5 L  i# [/ ^9 Q/ s1 |2 K3 A& S    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
( |& ^% U: O, m: o' [. q2 \    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
       
   

1 {& O% g4 }& G* @! N        
    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
& E- D, a% n2 ^, m0 e   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
. S% M" e3 Z. A4 l  C3 z  Y        
8 o, T( C3 \+ [) M+ C3 K; e! n   

& y' P/ k' w$ ^9 Z- \+ d        
    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
   Larry doesn't study hard enough.