 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION2 e# v/ K7 d! @: w/ Q/ x1 X3 N
Formal Statements
( f2 x1 o( Z6 @3 {2 u) n 1. Public Speeches
! X% m4 m% U7 ~2 j: Z" z1 L' W9 E 2. Letters of opposition or support
: y' n" g5 ^- W0 n4 U$ T 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
& a8 ]+ n+ e( Z- W7 v u 4. Signed public statements
2 G: K. G' U T K- l+ v; K& [& x 5. Declarations of indictment and intention$ E8 G2 m; R5 J9 [9 w# T
6. Group or mass petitions7 X( P% C5 T/ A7 X# k+ k: J
) e1 a7 _* f% u+ A3 R) \* n9 W( b( m
Communications with a Wider Audience
& E& p! {8 s; ?( V( H 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
, f3 L! i+ V8 J' A0 f 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
4 V6 f9 i4 D% q6 ]: C) L 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
1 H, e. w% R) r 10. Newspapers and journals! I- S8 e* }9 p( U+ |0 m
11. Records, radio, and television, I* l0 e) F+ g+ `# u; u! X+ p
12. Skywriting and earthwriting' ]: P) {; Z3 J0 M0 i' b v- S
' B5 u; x* v- l' s
Group Representations( |9 q9 t; }& Y! h6 Z
13. Deputations0 O, w2 }" q7 B' E) z
14. Mock awards4 n: d5 O. l7 J, ^5 i2 R3 [6 N
15. Group lobbying* z$ l1 Z1 T- `4 ?8 A" }
16. Picketing& g7 Y# ], B0 M/ V
17. Mock elections
4 c; n$ a4 H9 B% j- D
3 O4 m0 C- S5 @) p% xSymbolic Public Acts/ C$ ?& |' `/ f1 J( N' n
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors$ U9 c8 z" l2 h) q" x+ k1 _
19. Wearing of symbols
% e$ z' }7 |1 Z1 m9 _/ q; G- d 20. Prayer and worship
8 y: r/ Q9 Z/ V 21. Delivering symbolic objects. h. _2 P5 ]7 Y# C6 ?
22. Protest disrobings0 C3 q) d: o6 ^$ l9 g6 T
23. Destruction of own property- m5 e# \! f$ ? j4 ?
24. Symbolic lights
. d7 \6 ^) `' O 25. Displays of portraits
6 l) M( R) Q- K v0 M- F 26. Paint as protest
! y' W# }" M+ l; d 27. New signs and names% `4 w5 K4 T- X: b
28. Symbolic sounds
% G# @" i) j/ ~ 29. Symbolic reclamations
% D4 U* \4 S0 Q% R: i8 h! L, }+ D; F 30. Rude gestures
9 L7 Y. D9 z b" I, Y$ |
" f" ~5 P K5 i! A4 |6 u. D, }9 uPressures on Individuals
6 | J/ t% t M+ p! K4 a, `% a; X 31. “Haunting” officials0 I; C2 p z" q- }/ m" Y+ A
32. Taunting officials" Q8 I# L* m" g- K
33. Fraternization
, W8 L3 r6 y" R: \- s 34. Vigils
$ W. A* t, d* K. ^
, @% Q8 j _- p- R3 f9 U* [1 Y$ NDrama and Music
8 m \; H* Q( I" h& I 35. Humorous skits and pranks
/ V) \3 u) A# E' |* o( s: ? 36. Performances of plays and music
0 u" t( U0 W+ h 37. Singing
! n: P4 Y u& Q P3 {: u3 C9 a& J) D8 |/ ?, q: u1 n
Processions# `+ m9 N. K! R# R; E+ i
38. Marches
% E! C; Y8 @, z 39. Parades
7 U* H* j6 R- j6 W( D, B 40. Religious processions
+ k2 l4 u5 a1 [. |0 N: d 41. Pilgrimages
+ g+ k# t7 z3 m 42. Motorcades
+ e; C' h1 |1 X0 ]8 }+ R0 k1 `7 F+ P7 Y5 l. H+ r& O
Honoring the Dead, }/ y5 o, v3 y$ t4 r
43. Political mourning
" U: @+ k. Z$ C- t, v5 q8 z 44. Mock funerals
- ^: s# M: l) ~, S% [" L8 z) | 45. Demonstrative funerals
* M- O+ l5 o8 m3 ` 46. Homage at burial places# n! Y& R6 j+ D5 M
3 ]0 a% |: ]" z9 e, u* S
Public Assemblies
/ z4 r( Z! @+ ~) e 47. Assemblies of protest or support
* _$ l, {) q2 o, b* A8 A$ ` 48. Protest meetings
/ F/ s+ e7 b# z* P. M 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
" D# s( T6 v1 ]! @" k V 50. Teach-ins. |2 Z; H/ ^6 b- s! s( n
+ P" K" a! V& ^1 C# v, |8 SWithdrawal and Renunciation
9 s( U$ t" G5 M' D- ^; i' k9 ? 51. Walk-outs% @/ V( e- O( x C# p. |! x
52. Silence; |5 |" U1 z2 v* a# { E, F; p6 T
53. Renouncing honors+ a) J3 p ?; {/ j c
54. Turning one’s back; H+ t; R% {1 X; ]
# H j- }7 V- |! F' ]
. p' E9 t: G2 b2 f" D+ a4 F7 ]5 q) s$ ?/ ?
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION; I" F$ i- \, e6 l
3 X5 @1 {* V& h" }8 t# ~( I
( Y" r# u/ A3 X/ Y! w" X/ s7 k6 N; ]% e/ b% W/ n% z
Ostracism of Persons2 R6 J% B1 n8 s R1 u3 `. b
55. Social boycott
7 c1 F- f! U$ Y% |+ q/ h 56. Selective social boycott
( @2 z# M0 G8 E" Z1 s 57. Lysistratic nonaction8 C& F! ?+ f) P3 B7 `" d
58. Excommunication
, h: y* r: p" b( M, O0 _( z, O 59. Interdict
, y4 u1 b+ n. F) X0 u& u
& g' C* e5 o% LNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
{8 d8 t% i. L8 I2 e- B7 v" O 60. Suspension of social and sports activities4 p0 _9 h( F: g% I
61. Boycott of social affairs
; I0 q3 S3 l0 Z 62. Student strike; X& T6 O+ i0 Q; w5 ?! t* I
63. Social disobedience0 ^7 I+ l9 R; u* {* x
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
: ^. x, V! H6 Y" u
9 p: d2 W" K& U( Z; Y! BWithdrawal from the Social System1 a' o, }, o4 ^2 ?0 F3 |" z# I
65. Stay-at-home7 L: _; A. Q) e% b
66. Total personal noncooperation
$ l5 B& r: _" j A" j 67. “Flight” of workers5 S7 u8 C& i3 i/ h" B" B8 H
68. Sanctuary/ `+ p4 v5 l d
69. Collective disappearance
) Z, j7 k6 ~4 u) Z% w" B 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
" L8 ]# X2 ]! }0 _, ?' @& l" V0 X6 a5 Q, v3 T5 V
3 x7 i# {- X( h) y* L
Actions by Consumers
( a/ x) w$ D* u: |, N! `" B. w 71. Consumers’ boycott( e8 h- _$ A9 K1 c
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
6 L& w5 x7 v# k" }4 m# _# [" l 73. Policy of austerity
) J$ N; B$ @, D8 v$ F. w 74. Rent withholding
# A2 @6 g; T! z, h( T; J( w 75. Refusal to rent
/ z& m: v0 W3 K 76. National consumers’ boycott
$ i6 _4 ]: p" q: u" C 77. International consumers’ boycott6 G1 a6 ?0 c7 j- s
' _9 H' n1 C0 B0 ]
Action by Workers and Producers) J5 p5 V/ d2 R Y. g
78. Workmen’s boycott: ^5 F: ]% X' F; ?' m5 ?
79. Producers’ boycott
# a. } w8 E/ I+ R+ P, t
' q& P \1 |9 d+ v2 F0 M8 v4 [Action by Middlemen9 Q6 S) G5 C5 f& `# i3 b- i
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
7 U) B# `& T; o s% G O$ u: B& Z' P* ]7 A
Action by Owners and Management3 ?9 p9 S2 D9 @' B! D
81. Traders’ boycott( r' M$ ~- y( D
82. Refusal to let or sell property V8 O+ H7 M7 K* l8 X4 R9 ~/ h
83. Lockout
. ^ {: s; f9 ^% ]9 ^1 m4 G 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
9 D! y$ C% ^9 e9 U6 F5 O 85. Merchants’ “general strike”$ `4 w, K9 H4 F1 c) i
: N+ Q; z) t- w4 r1 N& P
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
, z6 J! k/ O9 F- Z$ r) R 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits9 Z- K4 P) u' J8 p' C
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments0 {! s! ]6 d, _, a
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
! W; I6 _- E2 q: A! i( B 89. Severance of funds and credit
7 f( _# n* |) A$ ]- q 90. Revenue refusal0 X9 Q9 R$ |. u ^8 H
91. Refusal of a government’s money
' o: g5 W' ]( ]; J$ x' z" H6 Y9 T! E
Action by Governments
5 ?$ Q8 i% W, H8 J5 A 92. Domestic embargo
7 l: m$ o' |0 Y) _% X C! ~& { 93. Blacklisting of traders) ~( q$ Q+ ~; X& r d
94. International sellers’ embargo% ?% }5 l1 T4 c/ J
95. International buyers’ embargo
9 ` ] e/ U! x9 |! l 96. International trade embargo
) Z6 e, t8 P) g# B- U
5 z/ i* s1 b, Y6 Z 5 h7 H. I5 ?9 t, o4 j: g
o! {/ K' V2 V. W! QTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE$ M* S, o) a# W- ?' A8 p8 Y
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8 K# D, N5 A: J; T$ g
Symbolic Strikes
, I1 \; k7 c# U' E! O 97. Protest strike4 j4 Y0 Z; s* i, ~2 \
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)! z# o, c, X& G# Z
% q, ^/ A1 p* D( oAgricultural Strikes
- T" I5 k7 T. r1 {4 R) {, } 99. Peasant strike
( M- e' ?8 A; n* b; n 100. Farm Workers’ strike1 W) H! [/ p8 h# s5 K3 W6 H9 Y
" X J( F l$ v+ E0 ]6 x$ {
Strikes by Special Groups5 H7 B6 E d2 W' D( M& _2 o4 p
101. Refusal of impressed labor; g4 {1 Y6 |0 c# H( m
102. Prisoners’ strike8 w. N- E$ L5 o6 R
103. Craft strike/ O3 E }6 z/ L4 g" I6 \: w
104. Professional strike
7 y/ o$ K4 i% R8 j: M" H- K; G
& Y6 e G6 v. q& ROrdinary Industrial Strikes
; c5 T0 V- I0 T/ J" l1 e4 ~5 R) V 105. Establishment strike
& p, j# \" V; d& b 106. Industry strike
! u/ k3 J. ^) {+ Y( v 107. Sympathetic strike
$ ~# ^7 c4 S- r$ c+ o1 J
w' T$ ~0 `6 J! C! l' bRestricted Strikes5 H+ f t2 N8 G- B9 Q: e v7 B, A
108. Detailed strike
7 {0 X- G2 e2 @! D7 Y( f 109. Bumper strike+ C3 k' ?6 {* l0 U7 R, T8 ]
110. Slowdown strike, ]: h, S3 E6 d& W, r
111. Working-to-rule strike
0 b0 z) ?+ j" Z7 n) @5 [ 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
$ m! o( G% l: i6 ^6 } 113. Strike by resignation( d2 _) A! \2 |
114. Limited strike! A* N$ u" K' x1 d; x1 \; d1 a0 P
115. Selective strike
; b! S, N5 S; W/ m: [$ y m( J5 y0 ]: m8 H7 }& E5 o+ c1 H: M$ s
Multi-Industry Strikes
1 F3 H+ \9 I/ ], R Q! l6 d
' n! x/ ~1 G6 W5 b5 _! G# G5 t6 a r 116. Generalized strike
6 ^8 E0 R1 e6 W% w) W0 v2 r2 Z" B O+ V0 A1 d! {
117. General strike
0 R5 P& `$ _; P) p
?- R' Z1 C; X# U" v' ~Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
4 S3 z) S- z- V6 n8 v" Q" s* a8 ^2 P
118. Hartal2 f& N* [+ E2 E% M
* I w) \1 m8 B# Y1 |8 ]' ] 119. Economic shutdown
# _2 s0 j& P- _( [
8 r$ c% k# c9 N' V* N. Y - u) \9 I x* t( |; C. N3 f- X
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION3 Y8 o I& T, g! q1 C, W
8 M1 V g6 q. X
& c7 v: @# h5 y4 p% V% k) q! NRejection of Authority- c$ M: W; Y2 J X7 |3 J
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
( O D @- E! E. P4 Z 121. Refusal of public support
, q6 w+ v7 p) L" \ i/ _ 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance, `3 y0 W% \; z' P3 w
2 ] M% W* h# }7 L, lCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government: m8 J0 m( `# ?( o2 g+ e$ `' ~& R7 P+ m/ _
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
" P) O) J) q8 e0 o 124. Boycott of elections$ Y0 n9 r) E1 @0 u) ^0 Z
125. Boycott of government employment and positions3 S9 r0 B9 I4 N' I3 H! \/ w
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies3 Y) W, @* M* L/ K* _
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions1 R+ \' N0 O/ @4 X( c6 Q% ?
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations; r! S$ v3 @! g2 l5 `; J9 H1 c
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
+ k& H6 d. U5 y' y" l 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
3 G: ~# \& D, D2 p% S: q, ^$ g 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
6 y* H# ~, ~% b) [ 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions: C6 ]& N7 r( c: D
P" ~8 u7 e% Y, t1 P/ F
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
' k/ W- w& \* I8 ? 133. Reluctant and slow compliance- G/ Z. }5 E O4 P: l
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
* y( P+ Z4 F; W5 h0 n5 W( O 135. Popular nonobedience6 Q* O2 a3 C5 A3 P8 _& R9 \8 u
136. Disguised disobedience2 a8 X0 s5 j# k# R+ X
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse& r# z/ Y3 Z+ ~. f% E$ n
138. Sitdown9 G1 m9 f) y+ Y8 V( z' c/ j
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
4 w C$ [2 @' ] 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
) L% ?) X8 x! _) W* V 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws5 A" T- ^2 f, z6 E6 y* M
' A o6 S/ h# l. U8 DAction by Government Personnel
& o; I( t' A8 L$ x6 g 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
+ i! r7 W& h' Q8 D: o 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
, U- K) N. _5 r 144. Stalling and obstruction
8 {; R: y- i' ^! t; T+ |) L 145. General administrative noncooperation
+ V. ~3 @9 N8 {( W* k2 \- h1 P/ ~- i& B. R5 Z' F, [
146. Judicial noncooperation& J V) E+ o! Z
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents4 f) k0 @) f0 R0 r9 v8 H0 V5 ^9 k
148. Mutiny
) w) e7 c- v! o, ODomestic Governmental Action& q6 D, w( \2 a* u
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
: H+ P# N+ M" `$ W Q& |; b 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
* H. @7 p$ U3 ?7 b+ N" Y
7 a5 K& C* f1 ?! V# S, I" a) HInternational Governmental Action# I0 k/ F5 h! U) i8 b$ i) z
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations4 Z! w4 J4 q9 r- |$ \! t7 W8 o; @
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events6 R- e7 ~: B9 M" J% Z# t
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition$ }4 Y7 @0 B0 ^
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
S( X8 B# d k% n 155. Withdrawal from international organizations2 r0 P9 ]/ E* P* v
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
8 x9 |1 s, v/ M; ?' {$ v `8 D' z( t 157. Expulsion from international organizations( ?- y5 }0 N; p
% @# J2 b( \5 x$ l & v, p6 V7 k e9 J8 ?
2 {- _- n) O6 q+ m
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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+ c/ X2 n( g& B; bPsychological Intervention
0 U6 `6 e- Z# u; w+ B1 } 158. Self-exposure to the elements: d& G R# T6 j; B$ ^, F5 s
159. The fast
5 S) r- d7 T& r7 T! c% h4 o a) Fast of moral pressure
4 p+ U A8 ]4 T9 d b) Hunger strike
5 }# n0 n7 l( X$ T9 i; b c) Satyagrahic fast+ J' j& ]; S/ m/ l# a3 y
160. Reverse trial
# p& X- z6 ~* G- f5 e: _ 161. Nonviolent harassment( p- a3 s+ y7 a) n+ ^
5 g: C5 U/ \( G0 h% m" m' m& \' L
Physical Intervention
1 ?6 k, [$ N7 X' |& d% G0 c, ~ 162. Sit-in& q+ u# W5 ?3 ?; p; r& _, L. d
163. Stand-in
, S1 Q- _; h- p9 F% ]; ? 164. Ride-in7 g8 n- Q! y) a, S
165. Wade-in) p6 Z+ z$ d1 D% v1 Z4 M
166. Mill-in
* x$ H5 D. @7 P: v9 @ 167. Pray-in3 Y- } Z. D) G& z6 I7 ?2 i; l
168. Nonviolent raids0 t- ]' W- p$ n, v) f, H4 E
169. Nonviolent air raids
2 x' \% c+ u' U) \/ n3 H8 J 170. Nonviolent invasion# p: E7 C5 H% C
171. Nonviolent interjection9 @9 ^% s* O4 D. t& g6 q
172. Nonviolent obstruction8 ]3 f! Q, k% a. s/ a
173. Nonviolent occupation9 @8 h( ?6 ^) O6 V6 q- U0 T
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Social Intervention
+ l% l- e' j( C3 t: u4 s 174. Establishing new social patterns
8 J4 h% S2 q9 T' u 175. Overloading of facilities
+ G! L) V5 i0 z+ L; W+ G: G 176. Stall-in
0 L. C1 t4 u: n' N+ H# _' ? 177. Speak-in
! q$ z( ~; C% }/ E 178. Guerrilla theater
$ @6 A. S2 z, v6 n6 z 179. Alternative social institutions& T) u* q* @4 t E1 t, x5 x
180. Alternative communication system
+ D' I6 k" X; _2 D: |
+ q8 D. {/ S- Y0 g) FEconomic Intervention
2 \* Y2 d- a# W! {( i* \ 181. Reverse strike6 Z* ^. S- B5 r4 s0 g
182. Stay-in strike( E" P b- w0 a& V- y& G2 ?
183. Nonviolent land seizure0 A0 \: e( P8 g; c
184. Defiance of blockades2 m W# Z2 A1 C3 W) w
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
& s8 k; @$ g2 _2 S9 B' ?7 U 186. Preclusive purchasing3 n2 H* }. j; F3 `
187. Seizure of assets
0 S% s& e) q9 E: W; M" w* E/ w2 M3 a 188. Dumping
( d) E8 ^5 ]! z 189. Selective patronage8 I# y9 h3 S# k: Y% P6 t& P
190. Alternative markets
0 u4 U2 ^* M3 s- O 191. Alternative transportation systems
/ I* r$ v' p/ _$ N 192. Alternative economic institutions
# D/ S. @" `, \0 C5 }6 m Y$ U" J
! Y$ }7 P* g: e, u' Q& dPolitical Intervention
" r2 I/ {/ r$ D. }& Q% z% P/ E 193. Overloading of administrative systems
, r- Y$ K5 M7 }2 d9 ?! I3 F 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
3 s! e7 S# Y& w' v* J 195. Seeking imprisonment
# g. G' G2 @: l& V 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws) {) V. i2 i+ w; L- y
197. Work-on without collaboration
2 f/ V4 F5 i( W" ~6 B 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
