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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable 5 X+ \/ J" |8 Q1 O$ j
# e" A9 Q+ j$ E2 _, `% N
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
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* M5 M0 w% R4 W) j# H0 u; Y3 H1 u TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
7 p0 g3 X1 H7 g7 |exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third: {1 [2 C& Y7 k/ p* D
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic8 R! Z( X5 y2 N( b* A
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit# f1 i( h I- ?
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
- J$ x1 Q/ O" O* zmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
# I. Q# @# g7 qQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal2 u r( T' @' T" s6 s& C
LePage Real Estate Services.8 c' j3 d; G! _4 h' v- B) b4 _
: M3 s7 ^# A2 F) U3 }9 k6 b Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters# F2 ]( n7 P1 Q- {4 c0 x2 d7 i
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
, I$ j& f0 y* G2 ]! d2 aconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and+ W. N' o1 l- O0 M& B. G/ ] {" E; L
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the0 |- f/ |- P) s+ |/ |6 f
residential real estate sector.
; `; }. j/ R: L A- U
& i" G* d+ D/ Y1 R9 w Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation/ A3 a) H0 `% h: [9 x" x
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
% b) ]* R J8 I* r3 j8 p1 hyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
6 g& M9 p$ _# I. J(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
) ^. a* X4 y s5 \* a/ P(+13.2%).
& N& t% p" @* T; W3 G- ^+ _$ B2 h' P* {7 T% p, `8 y% r
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth4 S1 D/ S% [* ]) N
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
8 B3 z6 M' e/ \. Ufrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are: i$ ^) k& \1 p) l( N" G6 w! x
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,/ o' K) P- H2 e
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.8 X$ \4 D# R9 d; x; P
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
4 w' T3 V q/ D- G; f, v4 B( W6 iwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy& G2 O/ M" a K8 U/ ^( S
balanced market."# u$ D7 q1 e8 A5 t& `) n+ n% ~% V; c
- n" {/ x$ a+ p2 v" b$ |; G
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
, T$ e& w7 h6 j w Oconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift$ P$ l1 } S, m- h1 d7 N) z! f
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued" X; E: g2 Q' R2 ^# m& k7 j
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core+ T' C- @1 i; b; N# ?2 \- Y" C1 c
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,5 A& ]! q2 b( N
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
6 X3 @5 ?3 `2 u' a/ ?breaking price appreciations.! j; I( C" o0 v7 b* C6 ^
9 G+ }$ y, H# }/ G |
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding8 ?+ _' | ^. S
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the4 u/ T' b; r5 R* J! B8 @0 g+ p
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
8 N% L& b# N! `! l& a
1 q5 q# ~% P7 P. l" E6 f In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
/ e& r+ V3 A/ N y( \9 V* neconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer; ?' o! ^1 j2 {5 B3 f4 z( G: o
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
7 g6 P: ]& J5 r# gslightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
8 S9 X6 Q) _; E* g: a5 JIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers: V4 Z& V0 B! C9 Z6 L- l
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of7 g: F) _5 b# V
price appreciation when compared with 2005./ M: x5 J# F n9 ^0 I9 {8 H
7 H3 p" Z+ f+ _- w2 q6 x While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing( N$ O, h. ~- J3 Q# R/ F* g
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
5 Q% u. y5 U5 ^$ @6 o: g( a" hfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
9 ?' N. h( H( h+ Care markedly different than those found in the United States.
+ A- U$ G2 ^1 s2 \ A" H! I
Y9 g2 b( Z0 S Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
- P3 s2 n. w% S( OAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
# S) _2 n3 G& e2 s4 K0 _+ xfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the- u9 y- `) J- k/ Y
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general! D" e& X; e# M% n5 t- c u
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the' w8 D! P( F- ^1 b( Z
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
# T$ e: o# U( P* P* L2 I* Paggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
& j1 I, K1 N& Q; P! h: T( @mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."( @! G7 g: o3 d2 R
/ I7 L0 [! @. J <<1 v7 Q# ^( X' t, P
REGIONAL SUMMARIES; x0 Z0 R+ D! Q# Y6 W3 f, M0 R
>>
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Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
; }3 k" O L @1 v0 J _/ ?% c7 z8 ^. YHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
3 I5 F4 X- C! }* s# M/ T7 oof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
2 m% [- D! j& {; C" zlooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of0 Y/ H0 M$ s# t' z5 _
renovations.
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The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
2 n6 r% D& y P% u2 eincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation+ j5 y5 e0 O |6 D
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
6 [$ L; V3 Q5 sSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
+ }2 M: h; ~- W A7 {% Y/ o! E- G5 v# Z% r) s
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer G. S3 _2 P9 A3 s2 E
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
, e7 k; n) X/ a; A, j L, U jquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
3 O) m0 b: \* @1 h% Z" _600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
8 \: t- J/ ?$ p W5 Ato the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes- R D& k# o/ p- [# L
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options./ t5 {5 h7 @( E' _( W( {" c M
- O) b! d* K- {2 h5 Q In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced- y6 C% D- i/ V3 D! R0 D
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
+ m- W8 ?. v: }3 l& m2 U: nhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers# ?5 w! w+ E% j; a
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian* U% v$ A. X. e) R- N7 h2 _
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
F! d+ |7 K2 T, [! l; ~. N) i/ rbuyers with more options when looking for a home.
, I6 m( r$ Y2 D1 h }1 b9 L$ j+ `/ g. L4 y
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly! y3 I" ~' i I+ I
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes% j, x* ~; T' V' H* e& c0 e) C6 W
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,6 R# W* E0 ~$ x* j5 ^: B0 [
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last( @8 k2 I2 V/ \( M
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
+ F) b& h9 P- |1 E/ v- l( x0 q
7 h5 K! D" V2 [, I3 p Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
, w: Z, L* U# a% s8 xprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
+ L* n9 [$ R# ?& p; E5 k/ ~6 O' @levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
& d, n9 i0 _/ ?first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,8 j) K/ O" `* W g
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
0 R. y; l6 ~: J0 V; f% U5 Opressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before6 ~9 b0 [9 S0 a/ H
making a purchase.- {& _8 m* o! {0 w9 ~1 w
: c3 z: X# I" V/ y$ O# D; h- o
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing% C& N) u9 L2 L9 P# I
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong+ P* \2 n. l I/ y2 |! g9 c
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
6 V3 O" _; }$ @& E& W- @( ocentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting1 ?6 k8 x/ h) M0 V0 |( f' S7 t% _
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
1 q0 y0 p3 p$ ]2 |amenities.; M2 P j+ l+ x- t
4 [) p8 Q; M( a8 C6 |4 f" W! \
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
) D' A6 c2 l" d2 wthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
* ]) E! ^$ `6 O/ `- |/ D; v/ q" _across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
. p8 z- b* T, b# c* n/ Mcontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been5 a) V8 w5 O7 e2 o8 j
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle& v0 w v# _; ]! M, w8 S
residence, rather than for investment.1 L5 Q+ c2 ^: `' f
; v% ?6 O0 J+ b The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as& U9 o+ A+ w$ `# }8 g# ]6 S8 j
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
6 O/ y; Z: r2 ~) T( {9 Tin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer: }4 E \) `- M1 T2 ~ g
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization+ `0 l: Y% I& B3 t5 @- ~7 Z& A
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter. h4 e# ]3 c" m0 C/ k# z, h0 x$ ]
the market., I! k2 i$ [% g; i: j
/ m# ?) S8 r2 k- i) ~! L9 Y
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
, v- C+ x7 R0 B/ |0 ~& X8 xJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
8 @/ g) H* [8 A0 O. ?4 QAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring) p( y/ d7 Q. n! J) X
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due- {; A D. n+ y; f6 T$ A
to the shortage of available inventory.
2 f4 _* w7 f* e: o/ d
! E: T! E. [, t" U4 K6 g Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its. s2 |8 j9 _/ ]& `: }
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
n3 i7 g. M1 W$ q. svibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses0 C. x+ I! ~% Q3 n7 A
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
" N; }: o; I5 Y: n3 _* s7 n5 w5 J( p2 V3 z$ R+ K
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases- C. G0 D6 H) I+ t0 o6 N
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
7 q) g( O- Y( |unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
; J& ]2 l, ?& C+ e# Zpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring5 B, B# \. }# V+ t+ {
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
6 b" w) T- w- N/ p) jseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
. J* c. z5 l+ s6 U1 bbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
- T+ R* Z2 v! N' k! |7 m' R2 N, K) H+ ~) `' c' T& R
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter+ w7 [; p1 w4 X5 A+ z, a
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton" T3 n( h9 e2 g, h4 s: o5 R) j2 b% s
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,% C/ @; Z4 {8 f- C9 o/ B
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices# ^4 G# u H7 O8 m
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
: w0 y/ @& p0 S* k. r% B, iin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
# p7 F/ r _% N6 K6 ?+ ztowards the end of 2006. ! S x o4 E) I0 O9 p& v
* v7 `6 y. w4 T" l* JWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of/ F2 v0 k8 }8 P* F* [ `
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
: ~) V, O; |# g ?( `/ I" c+ Kto meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
; A: k: K# G2 j m8 F( ^" _ A* Ggroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to# ~+ [* p7 m* B5 A: V
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added# @/ N1 K3 Q' C- M `9 R
pressure on tight inventory levels.; S" t4 U1 ^) e9 d* K
' c. Y- _. k5 c; O! \: M1 d. h0 K. y
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic2 f/ L2 n; e5 z% z- {& h5 I% }
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people8 q& I2 ?1 Y; r1 ~0 p' L
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;: X) _& @ e. O \3 v: T
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching; M% w+ q* |1 z; V
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.4 A. {0 z% t# _, d
7 f9 D4 ~6 [4 d, ^# d( y <<
" ], i' t n( n3 P1 b Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
: q0 d" e2 p. ?6 z
: R& q4 M9 H6 _- ~7 n% E2 I -------------------------------------------------------------------------
. \) ?. E5 f1 H3 l4 p Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey; b# W* f; u0 t8 h5 p5 g0 a/ A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------' [3 i V( ]6 D/ |) z) V& [
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
/ \& n: q* m1 w0 y Market Average Average % Change Average Average# @3 `, R- D! u6 m' Q' r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------: H3 R/ G6 @ }# Z" t0 q: l5 O
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
! e! e/ k! M( M: v" i3 N -------------------------------------------------------------------------: v7 f- ?% k5 U' K; Z6 \8 L+ ]
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
2 F( |0 h. O0 m( t5 E -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ q" L" R6 P6 Z
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,0006 i E8 a, @! s6 }& X; ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 k' C. t- m4 e; r! \3 J. l
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
, [1 n; I2 F {3 ~& x( k -------------------------------------------------------------------------& E5 |3 g$ a) P v) f' p- y4 S1 c( B/ W
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333+ T* M D F6 @0 U# w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% J! l6 @4 w/ A! o/ w* v* T
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
$ a& @/ L: b) y# v8 J' y3 ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 M6 D; H# m) A; b9 {! v- H
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185% ]5 b' Y8 z7 ?, c# t4 N- _8 c# c" w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ W0 A, x; ^. M) D9 m v
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2505 {, W/ B5 [: ^+ S2 p2 P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------# a! _3 c5 [* o8 F- U: h
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766' J) R' _0 N' n. r& a# U, V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 L8 ^- t! K3 r, x# J0 D6 s9 D3 G5 b Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707( s0 J0 I3 a- I7 ^* S
-------------------------------------------------------------------------& d) [& }3 ]; { O( c* s: P1 n
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500) N0 ~' B6 G; l3 q# E6 [* l) c2 f
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ ?) q/ t! K/ Z* B Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389. s- X8 i0 n' w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------* `" _2 ?7 B( y5 r* H7 C6 x6 [
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,7147 A3 B, T/ d) N* P7 D) O: U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ L* D! f ?' z9 r' Z5 a. u
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
) ?4 a; a' l0 p7 t% K a1 Z -------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 @$ I. H) P( ]: b5 V; J Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
% N. Y: y; Q$ K' U1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 d% \. B0 ]9 \* x# m National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
t, ?* l0 \0 C$ i8 Y5 o% @; @3 w -------------------------------------------------------------------------. K# u0 m. g$ u. T
6 j0 Q: e5 b/ {) l& H% [! S2 K7 ~; n
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ x/ q6 l. w6 Y" j7 ?- U Standard Condominium/ v' Q% p5 F l1 s
-------------------------------------------------------------& ~1 s# [; H0 d; n" }# p: ~
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo5 h/ X% [3 [4 a* x" C- O0 a
Market % Change Average Average % Change* k6 i4 t" n5 ]! E5 Z8 N
-------------------------------------------------------------
0 Q, q; q3 k1 ?7 L Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%" K* h' f0 k3 Q: s: G- J
-------------------------------------------------------------+ w0 n; T& Q7 _4 w
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
0 c* M1 X# x6 c* Y! z4 F -------------------------------------------------------------5 U y" o- w) A( Q$ Y
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A) u4 b" |; O% y! m* Z8 Q w- V( D1 l
-------------------------------------------------------------
3 O) Q8 ] [. m' w% O Saint John N/A - - N/A0 O6 j( H" }8 Q; k l2 @4 N+ d: w
-------------------------------------------------------------2 h9 u5 u7 ~3 P3 `) ?0 W4 F3 ?
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%6 A7 M* m1 Y$ x
-------------------------------------------------------------, H% X Q* m9 Z9 m2 c, u
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%/ G: k. Y) _, ^' H
-------------------------------------------------------------
4 D' E# r9 s1 G) [ Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%0 m, _2 y8 w. q& G% C
-------------------------------------------------------------
" d( Y, T1 L! B" m t Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
# Q% j( X0 |" a -------------------------------------------------------------
; g% b. k K" S Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%4 M, y4 y+ Z0 |3 B# H# u) H7 h
-------------------------------------------------------------' J. B) r; K; H( P
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
( G m z# `4 O' C6 d H2 v/ ? -------------------------------------------------------------% {0 y1 Q2 _+ O2 E$ S
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
$ T4 K D+ G: {% f& T& z8 k( } -------------------------------------------------------------
' u# g; a) _" ]! A e Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%8 u) m" ]2 N( w
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Z+ y( t) {- t' s. y4 n$ ~ Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%1 ~; j/ E: H% j2 v I
-------------------------------------------------------------
, Q# @' I5 S% h0 ^* K6 U& F a# M: q Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%0 d' h! n. M( Q! V/ g% z
-------------------------------------------------------------
" U+ ?' L. p/ e2 W K) I Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
! I1 a+ {* C5 {/ Q- `, l -------------------------------------------------------------' i, h( r2 k4 [! I4 c# n# y( q m5 t# R
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
+ f. y/ N; M$ v) V- G -------------------------------------------------------------! G4 U7 l5 b3 ]$ Q1 T$ U; P- y
>>) H7 n7 e0 Z Q: ^1 ~0 X
2 ] g, b0 @$ \ c6 J6 a8 O, ^. S; ^; c Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined( _ ~* ]) u/ }, z/ h2 G9 I( r
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint9 V. h) J% H, A
John and Victoria.5 N. Y6 Q$ ^- i! S. ^0 Q
# Q% a9 L, _1 n( I9 | h- Z
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most. q$ C# X6 Y1 P+ S' h
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
! n, m5 e! B3 r' ~* y/ j' |housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release; B8 i( {8 A+ f+ _9 d& x
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
& f1 R3 I% f8 v& o5 btrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
/ v2 { {# f' u+ vacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is' _5 L9 y2 V+ K- u
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current- Z8 C$ W, @" P" U# C! a% B1 L# w% ]
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
; O1 v4 o, h9 I6 _5 A# bversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on$ l0 a, }8 x6 {; Y+ I; K
November 15, 2006.
% _6 G* \% V0 f Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of* W" J' c. g# |; X3 O
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
$ E; A3 f' i! Q; M( lprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is1 N ^ o& _3 s; T! K: l$ o
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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