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发表于 2015-11-7 17:36
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At the moment, the biggest impediment to the flow of oil is low prices. Oil has averaged about $50 this year, making many projects in the Canadian oil sands uneconomical. According to Wood Mackenzie, projects totaling about 485,000 barrels a day have been delayed this year. Canadian oil producers still expect production to rise to 5.3 million barrels a day in 2030, up from 3.7 million barrels a day in 2014, even after lowering their forecast to take into effect the impact of lower prices.+ M2 ?9 V. s n( [* k
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A sign is posted in front of TransCanada's …
+ N. i! Z! T8 z; VA sign is posted in front of TransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities in Hardisty, Alberta, Ca …
6 \) Z4 T; c* c0 } {* D- a: AThe U.S. imports more crude oil from Canada than from any other country, about 3.4 million barrels a day as of August, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.& \) \/ k; F# m7 I% I
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Tim McMillian, president and chief executive officer of the Canadian Association of Oil Producers, is concerned that the rising cost of getting oil to market could hurt the Canadian industry's competitiveness. Last month, Shell abandoned an oil sands project in Alberta, and its CEO pointed to concerns about high costs and insufficient pipeline capacity for the decision.; v1 l# P; ^7 y6 y
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McMillan said other proposed pipeline projects should be able to help make up for lost shipments via Keystone XL.# @0 E# v' G3 E. L) z* L
7 W) T( U# t& Y& \1 ~About 100,000 barrels a day of the oil that was supposed to move through Keystone XL would have come from North Dakota, where a boom in unconventional drilling has propelled it to become the No. 2 producing state in the U.S. behind Texas.$ ~9 C, p6 i' e/ T* w7 a
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Keystone XL would have reduced some of the dependence on rail and truck shipments, said Kari Cutting, vice president of the North Dakota Petroleum Council, which represents more than 500 companies working in the state's oil patch.) n" F r: t' x0 ]0 l! n0 p
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TransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities …
: _$ d K3 d6 P/ w" c, wTransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities are seen in Hardisty, Alberta, Canada, on Friday, Nov …: l- S0 z' O( X8 c& w+ g, t
North Dakota produces about 1.1 million barrels a day, with about half of it moved by rail, down from about 70 percent a year ago. Recent derailments and fires involving North Dakota crude — including an explosion in Quebec two years ago that killed 47 people — have drawn criticism from lawmakers and the public about using trains to move oil.% t. o# N( Q& x& G7 N. M6 b
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Keystone XL would have replaced at least one, mile-long oil train each day, state and industry officials say.
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Now, not having the pipeline built means railroads will get to keep much of the business they're already hauling and compete for new production as it comes online. Even with safety concerns, oil producers have become more comfortable shipping by rail, although it costs more than shipping by pipeline.
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1 M6 z$ ?0 E7 x( Z& B& t/ A"Five years ago or eight years ago very little oil left Canada by train. Today it is commonplace for us to see unit trains moving oil to market," McMillan said.
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6 w; o+ Q4 w3 ?, i, P) G$ nEven if the Keystone XL had been built, oil would have continued to be shipped by rail because oil production exceeds pipeline capacity in North Dakota and oil producers have come to like the flexibility railroads offer. Shipping by rail allows oil producers to send their product to different markets to obtain the best price.5 \! `1 b3 c* a; _% w( Y
X8 H) }* T# L/ uTransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities …
! N( P( O0 w- F- o E% M; \ I4 zTransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities in Hardisty, Alberta, Canada, on Friday, Nov. 6, 2015 …
6 U3 D& ?( }( b0 `8 n# xKeystone was supposed to expand the market for Canadian crude on the U.S. Gulf Coast. Refineries there are better equipped to refine the so-called heavy crude that comes from Canada's oil sands.6 P a7 ]" }: F9 a4 A
' i+ O' T/ {7 Z, t7 U# s"The Keystone XL decision does not mean less oil sands overall but it may complicate oil sands access to the U.S. Gulf Coast, where there is substantial refining capacity for heavy types of crude," added Jim Burkhard, vice president at IHS Energy.- D$ m, W% E. Z A" V. y) d, {6 @) R
! X+ w/ ^. D3 R& M7 zBurkhard sees Venezuela and other countries that ship heavy oil to the U.S. as benefiting from the Keystone XL rejection. Venezuela heavy crude "will continue to be consumed by U.S. refineries in the absence of access to Canadian crude oil," he said.
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6 f$ Y, I+ Q8 Q8 O. k3 Y4 t5 GFor many proponents of Keystone XL, that aspect was the most perplexing when considering the rejection.
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8 C5 S5 F9 E% \, e) R& D"The most baffling part of this decision is that this administration would rather continue importing oil from countries that fund terrorism than from our very own resources and our Canadian allies," Cutting said.3 U7 E" C, r* \" U
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TransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities …
5 z, G9 I# [5 ~ B* }! N" [TransCanada's Keystone pipeline facilities are seen in Hardisty, Alberta, Canada, on Friday, Nov …5 l% t, v. T1 t
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" t$ Y! G. u1 D1 l2 a* r& iMacPherson reported from Bismarck, North Dakota, Josh Funk in Omaha, Nebraska, contributed to this report. |
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