 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION7 B Z9 y! ?' B6 w) U, s
Formal Statements l7 ?! N# v7 n, V K
1. Public Speeches3 r, b# p& a9 o; b$ [; `! B* B) p
2. Letters of opposition or support2 l: S; k- h. K* Y
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions0 g' ^; O. e* L% t8 x
4. Signed public statements
4 F# b9 r( _" {, k8 I3 B0 ^( p 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
0 d4 c6 r Q5 z1 i! R7 C0 o 6. Group or mass petitions; Y4 \/ N8 ^4 b) e" r
6 a( V- @% Q$ E; g. @Communications with a Wider Audience; h* I% B$ {: n
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
/ ^ N+ X9 U; c: f- V1 n 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications, `2 E# |0 \; m S. ?5 _
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
' j K" q( I: @; N* w 10. Newspapers and journals( S4 q/ M! C, @3 k/ \# B+ n
11. Records, radio, and television
. J" D# K( D' `$ h, G- ` 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
( g0 r8 V% N: g; [& s8 _1 J8 M0 ]: Y* ^
Group Representations; R2 `$ H$ w" |1 J- a2 b" h$ d
13. Deputations
7 ~# z- _! S7 [6 W% Y 14. Mock awards
: c- N! i% M3 |: e3 P0 g& q) G! C+ L 15. Group lobbying
: B+ j8 \! Q$ N' r, F 16. Picketing' B+ U# ]9 v4 {2 c6 C) i( i8 _: I
17. Mock elections
Y5 I/ ~' H) ]. q' s. I
9 U. b3 Z% r3 `0 B. T5 S' ISymbolic Public Acts m5 e8 V9 @7 h& R7 [
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors3 D& p0 K/ V' W. Y; Y3 M9 u9 ^) x
19. Wearing of symbols8 z/ z4 X3 y3 h! Y3 L) \ D, D
20. Prayer and worship
0 {0 S& j3 |. L 21. Delivering symbolic objects
9 E7 }- @7 Y8 ] 22. Protest disrobings V7 P9 K* ]& T6 B* y/ C1 ?
23. Destruction of own property
; T4 ^1 j7 k2 P; b5 p. ]: A 24. Symbolic lights# _% `9 B z' Z, _% Z3 ?: [' S# T/ D
25. Displays of portraits4 ~9 M: N0 ^6 e0 v1 C
26. Paint as protest3 a) h. X' T5 x" ?: ^
27. New signs and names
) r# k7 e7 a9 |8 b 28. Symbolic sounds9 V6 y" b# d# k2 H8 Q* f& m+ B4 o
29. Symbolic reclamations' g3 S$ _) [0 b5 G! t7 c& d4 M" j
30. Rude gestures/ l+ k+ [- n- X3 `$ |) ]) I( r2 \
, R- ~- {7 }) K) [; g: I* @
Pressures on Individuals/ k: m1 S# c4 S" Z8 C
31. “Haunting” officials
; `* K( ^/ ~7 u0 x4 T 32. Taunting officials8 R. l& b. S! f( K& d7 @
33. Fraternization; x A7 T4 [1 f( C$ b! f! n
34. Vigils$ @) \4 ~8 W$ U9 N" {2 P
: Q4 Y' }- R# @9 ^6 e" z( CDrama and Music
9 }' u! u: l9 V _& X( p9 r! m8 k 35. Humorous skits and pranks' {& S* o/ \) `
36. Performances of plays and music
& F, c! m! C. q) `0 R8 G/ k 37. Singing0 b+ d- v- f/ b
" A# q( m1 {6 w, O( s) DProcessions
9 Y. p4 t- r& o' ~. @ 38. Marches7 |: w: I; `% i' D+ }
39. Parades
+ ~. H) k& p+ w# z& C2 Q% G 40. Religious processions: a) R# ~' a k' ^) J
41. Pilgrimages: k k% F4 K9 r# g! O! _
42. Motorcades
2 c/ f5 o1 [9 H+ {+ H" [5 t8 c% \- M3 ?1 ~8 p) @
Honoring the Dead' H/ Y' z3 U. _/ N6 `$ Q
43. Political mourning
( g5 ^* O& c) G2 x 44. Mock funerals9 u3 V6 t/ \0 o) m( {$ d
45. Demonstrative funerals+ ~1 S$ o, d4 n0 g& Y
46. Homage at burial places
r8 Z/ W$ t2 N0 T
/ @6 B6 q1 j! e2 d6 y/ zPublic Assemblies/ O) Z( f- H' n9 q# z
47. Assemblies of protest or support" V& B( j- O/ [2 |1 w( `: t
48. Protest meetings
8 U* J5 ]5 S- g& { 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest' n( @2 X! a. v+ q5 x5 C$ C p
50. Teach-ins
/ A( D- U" Q! O. k6 S, f3 m0 [. R5 u) z
Withdrawal and Renunciation: z3 r* u! ~* X+ U7 z+ {# r
51. Walk-outs$ B) @% _% e0 ~* V1 \; q
52. Silence
8 ^ b6 D9 e) L3 f" _$ a1 [ 53. Renouncing honors# N) F2 F5 V- W8 H, t# u" [# a2 `
54. Turning one’s back
" c6 u# z$ S2 h% N* P" \; {! e
8 u% k) i* u, w1 R1 H* E 7 `, U5 s: P; d) t" ^
V2 i5 u" S$ T3 z- i" {THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION6 E1 _3 R( h# |) ]
o- C/ \, O! | - @8 i9 v F. o
9 Z! o) d0 J' B c. ^, \ U8 ^% qOstracism of Persons
, j+ w* e- A2 z2 n 55. Social boycott
) _3 W0 y8 u6 S; w5 G( C, A4 m 56. Selective social boycott
, l/ X* o* t5 s) D+ i3 G! M 57. Lysistratic nonaction, V% b+ z" O4 f7 e% V0 W
58. Excommunication, {/ K" c) J2 v
59. Interdict: K3 l5 t7 `/ T0 t4 |6 n2 ^1 o3 v
! A. ^/ |6 J, m; ^
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions7 T$ H# ^* f/ V6 w# `6 X2 ^
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
% y3 N1 }2 t8 y% u3 t# x 61. Boycott of social affairs
+ B% ?9 w1 q: p( Z! a6 Z- N& @ 62. Student strike
, N$ N2 `/ F F7 w9 B7 q% A/ p 63. Social disobedience' `" [' M. c6 u, m2 T0 J ^
64. Withdrawal from social institutions+ q7 F; [. V( o) Q( s5 {0 G
; k# i8 B* x2 x# Z
Withdrawal from the Social System
) ?7 f. w. h- D$ G+ f7 Y5 \ 65. Stay-at-home4 f& r& I8 M7 M0 M
66. Total personal noncooperation
" f% W2 X1 n9 z* [4 e6 _& W 67. “Flight” of workers
4 [& s- U. N! w 68. Sanctuary
4 y$ |: e2 S c) u, N% C: N 69. Collective disappearance! N. i0 D" A5 ^1 k" ?- B* x* x' \0 x
70. Protest emigration (hijrat) U. p& q+ |9 E1 W, R+ P
# {# N8 Z5 ?& L$ N
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4 h" }7 `" |% p7 L( p0 @5 Y0 E
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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Actions by Consumers) |" h& B2 S% c/ C- w: g
71. Consumers’ boycott; l) N) z" r* p4 \# S/ e
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
/ \* W8 a+ Z4 k! A" P& s# X0 m 73. Policy of austerity) t; S z% y& E) _- }" W5 y
74. Rent withholding5 u. R1 Y+ D8 b, i; P
75. Refusal to rent! P2 Y6 W9 j( o) {1 Q
76. National consumers’ boycott: A2 K0 J1 d- P/ b4 |
77. International consumers’ boycott' s1 `' i, K3 j# P
) |$ D h' g. T+ CAction by Workers and Producers2 Q4 O8 m# B+ Y* ^# a
78. Workmen’s boycott
. [* H& o f, w7 m 79. Producers’ boycott# E% t' N0 _( o& f
+ @7 ?, K X1 |Action by Middlemen. a) t- V% k1 {" Q3 ` u8 `
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
& D" V( U9 X7 r) _
$ m2 O" j! p5 U4 ~Action by Owners and Management. ]2 Z% c0 b( \0 `5 B0 b e
81. Traders’ boycott
( {& l) p' p: [" s8 K+ a, v, N 82. Refusal to let or sell property# p# L2 J+ y5 \2 Z; I2 v G
83. Lockout
+ _ v/ j/ _% i- T+ L6 y0 e- v 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
0 N5 N4 B- f/ L8 W8 W 85. Merchants’ “general strike”$ [, X4 ]3 E0 z7 y, C* N7 J0 Y1 k
1 n0 V$ Y6 p1 D; b1 c# @Action by Holders of Financial Resources
3 W- ]. Z4 l ? j @0 O, X6 V 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits; `3 e3 B- |% y
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
' ^3 s( E& p+ u: F 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest/ q6 d% p( I, H& e0 Y
89. Severance of funds and credit
: K) r0 S$ _) v _ 90. Revenue refusal8 _+ F. m% i4 p" a
91. Refusal of a government’s money' c- l, ~# b' Z
+ m' o5 Q N9 E t6 g8 x6 \Action by Governments
1 q2 C+ c! D# \" @* m) U% ]3 B 92. Domestic embargo2 o' S0 {! ~9 T0 o+ P- W2 S
93. Blacklisting of traders
! e% {0 }8 L9 Z: _& f) K# h* `2 } 94. International sellers’ embargo
2 K1 f: d8 j/ n3 m: i 95. International buyers’ embargo; W: L7 Y3 m5 F: Z6 |
96. International trade embargo
5 g3 `4 Y5 k' _+ I2 {7 K8 j: P1 q& D( n4 |+ o e; Q
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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Symbolic Strikes
\8 W, ?. x( l/ e+ @8 u+ q0 S 97. Protest strike0 h. G, W" H; ~' q \4 \
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
e% D6 J3 l( Z9 Q0 n1 ~) ^) P6 Z5 n& {* z4 b% P
Agricultural Strikes
2 `# T0 Z! [* {1 h 99. Peasant strike2 u4 @7 [" _) [. H) f
100. Farm Workers’ strike" W; q( k5 @1 ~6 i- f1 s2 o
( i9 J5 z7 K$ P. S! ] q
Strikes by Special Groups
( K( _9 j/ P$ S' A2 i8 q. @ 101. Refusal of impressed labor
, _4 a. j1 s; C 102. Prisoners’ strike
3 D6 m/ l9 g( o: }6 s 103. Craft strike% N3 L l$ W% \ t, D8 ~. e* o
104. Professional strike$ U7 U9 f+ S y+ U0 k
/ _1 w! x3 B9 y% o
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
- ?' V0 k. L9 ` 105. Establishment strike4 c: M) A5 P4 a' @" T; ~2 D6 `
106. Industry strike
" _4 Y% z2 ]/ [) M8 K 107. Sympathetic strike
: A) l `3 `$ e. i' o5 f0 w4 F1 p6 R
Restricted Strikes
8 ^+ o8 P. e, C& f" g 108. Detailed strike
/ ^/ Z' |0 o: }- e 109. Bumper strike
& V+ s" |" p0 C r/ \2 X/ X 110. Slowdown strike
0 A% ^1 F2 M) F+ S t6 l; ~ 111. Working-to-rule strike
6 Z. k' x& b9 B/ ? 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)5 | G' Y O5 x/ V
113. Strike by resignation4 e1 v1 c5 q6 ]
114. Limited strike
3 L) }$ T ]: K 115. Selective strike
& ?/ ^+ v( O4 E; W
8 ^( d' O) v! I$ R O: IMulti-Industry Strikes8 J/ d# }1 w) ~8 M# `+ X: S
0 _+ D* L1 A" Z/ I! Z% c% s, h: M) R$ U
116. Generalized strike
! N; n7 [: m1 S( @. m7 i
; f' P8 J$ ~& B 117. General strike6 T3 G$ c( C9 b% C
7 [' K) @- m+ J$ k4 H f' U* \Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures' w6 ]' J& d9 |. Z9 {
B) z5 [* p4 {8 x6 D' v
118. Hartal
2 H, G" M0 Q$ S+ H& A. D$ W6 {5 {4 P) Y$ H1 a2 n8 @. a8 J' i
119. Economic shutdown
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8 t0 r6 l! G1 N% ^/ w- ]- P5 gTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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9 o& Z4 ^3 C9 t% _) VRejection of Authority# @4 U7 c0 O3 q( Q0 E
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
' C0 i2 q7 s( Y" S# j6 [ 121. Refusal of public support
/ h x* n7 {' P+ T) S 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
# e3 E8 r& V9 p. ]; e
% d) w6 Y8 V8 q# QCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government1 ]$ A" ]' Z' @0 O$ `
123. Boycott of legislative bodies7 ]! S6 r) J" L5 ]* ?# O2 G
124. Boycott of elections ?/ E' `0 B% d
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
* h( @3 w3 }; q6 T- F0 q 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
" x. l7 t/ H4 X& F3 |; J* x3 G 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions$ a' b" j# M' T! ?% o: v
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
* N2 I1 z. D9 R! T2 w- D, E# t 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
) l1 P% N" m' Y! b' y3 _# ] 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
8 s. N* A8 k2 @8 a3 | 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
5 }5 P( @& ?2 Z0 D& k1 L6 }6 K* f 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
2 U- j; |7 M, H) t! V
1 |) ?2 m1 n p' ECitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
* ]+ p4 }" S3 j+ y 133. Reluctant and slow compliance0 b2 E) @- p( E! t( K2 z/ _
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision. v) Y3 n' ^ ]! X6 t; c# p9 r
135. Popular nonobedience
( B0 x+ s6 e1 u6 s+ d7 x 136. Disguised disobedience
! t: y0 Z; m# _4 | 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse- _* a- b& Q' G. {" a7 y k: {0 R
138. Sitdown
6 A; ?7 Q. ^3 D' U 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
( ^: J" ^7 G: a, @4 m 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities) g* X. u5 x% m& D1 E
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
0 h" Q1 o6 M/ K, U" O) R( ^8 }& |+ c7 V; [- `$ w
Action by Government Personnel
( M* ^. E6 d8 W5 ~ 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
( s& |% `* o5 F+ G 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
' k/ t; @) U7 H; c6 @ 144. Stalling and obstruction7 Q4 _+ k8 Q& I
145. General administrative noncooperation* F4 z5 ]1 I$ W1 s% W# m: o
- ^3 K& P. D% Q" ~2 @; B+ X
146. Judicial noncooperation
9 J( ^% [' K4 O1 i" y6 r 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
7 |; n2 Z% o4 y- H6 Y5 F) g 148. Mutiny8 N; T0 S8 S0 b6 Q
Domestic Governmental Action
& ^, V, e+ X* K9 V* ]$ q 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays: B2 |/ e8 i' X
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units# y+ S' S# Y0 v9 ]7 @
5 g; N8 j, e$ z+ ^2 ~1 rInternational Governmental Action4 J# n4 g" C7 w2 Y$ r+ g% U& |6 z
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations6 W- S8 u* q& ]0 E, R* |
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
: r: v S! X$ b" \5 `7 j1 Q( F) j' G 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
8 o z/ {$ [) f( p3 x5 A 154. Severance of diplomatic relations# i. d8 U5 C, E/ r! m" Z
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
c* x- }- C/ h8 ?+ p% P( Y 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies; ?8 W% U/ v- O
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
3 k( h Z: U& `6 T8 J/ Y0 ]
4 ~5 k9 Z' c' x
: o# i4 ?( w) [, u$ zPsychological Intervention L$ M; P5 j* _2 M3 B+ A6 N9 l9 [
158. Self-exposure to the elements: E4 N# e4 k/ w' e7 j# a+ Q( Q
159. The fast
7 Q' G9 l+ f2 O" c3 K& N* P a) Fast of moral pressure
]* {# G9 W* i' j0 ]: I( ]% N/ w b) Hunger strike
% G- D2 S: g. K: I0 ` c) Satyagrahic fast4 _: J! S1 l% @% C
160. Reverse trial$ q/ p- `2 X" ]2 L6 |! w4 k) u
161. Nonviolent harassment/ K: @$ ?2 p& d8 u
' I! t6 p5 a ~5 c
Physical Intervention
# z/ m$ F" q3 _9 w" G Y5 b 162. Sit-in
: P: B" N8 }+ @: r. W 163. Stand-in
) V' u; c! s, C 164. Ride-in
0 N1 P5 S2 C% q h7 Y D# b8 n 165. Wade-in5 N% y" }, q7 K8 k4 L3 W8 E& p/ B( Z
166. Mill-in; \2 Q- \1 M! \9 f4 W( ?
167. Pray-in2 F2 @' |3 E0 a2 W$ g: H
168. Nonviolent raids' X; z# [4 X( }
169. Nonviolent air raids
; c4 j, a- x! K3 {. T2 ~3 `! E, J 170. Nonviolent invasion9 ^7 m6 X9 f7 j: C
171. Nonviolent interjection
5 C; ~2 ]1 E* N 172. Nonviolent obstruction! r) _: B" B1 l- K; }0 ^
173. Nonviolent occupation7 C0 @" r* g4 P$ e
; C" {4 n. J% R( W" U3 s3 lSocial Intervention
, M' v! x" H; T. x. a 174. Establishing new social patterns
3 p- o' R: ` m& ]$ G y ~ 175. Overloading of facilities
9 @ q) e8 F ^/ l 176. Stall-in# [; ^" }" o A; D+ ?
177. Speak-in
; M; Q8 C6 t7 e% x9 b+ m* a8 l( V 178. Guerrilla theater
; `* l* B+ l) z. F 179. Alternative social institutions
. S4 j' X6 G! c& o. \& L1 j 180. Alternative communication system5 `, S6 h' B! D
* _7 k8 ^* o: ^
Economic Intervention) ~* |# z, B0 }0 ]7 m. ?
181. Reverse strike
+ z/ r( `4 e# G0 ]' I 182. Stay-in strike
: \' G a' h; q, d4 E 183. Nonviolent land seizure V- s. T1 d$ K# W
184. Defiance of blockades
5 T3 X$ ? w" N* H; G! F 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
( V. z6 t- k4 b- I 186. Preclusive purchasing
' x) \+ b! f5 m# g7 o 187. Seizure of assets
, I3 L' _. k$ V 188. Dumping
6 a2 U/ b* G- P/ } 189. Selective patronage
8 s: o! S/ B& ?3 i4 w 190. Alternative markets* G0 U# ~! _0 N0 r% z* f
191. Alternative transportation systems
; v& L% {+ y v0 X2 ~2 |5 c/ O 192. Alternative economic institutions
) v3 a$ B" k; S$ S- P1 m: ]* S7 d7 C, A# E$ Q3 W
Political Intervention
1 B5 e f$ e+ X 193. Overloading of administrative systems, W: F7 W$ R, q0 Y
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents. U; @8 e* m7 |/ a5 A/ \$ U0 c
195. Seeking imprisonment
5 M. {5 x9 ], _& V8 F% E3 T 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
5 F ~0 }& R+ u 197. Work-on without collaboration
% r9 N9 O: v3 R0 `6 S 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
