 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION V7 b3 d- E5 H+ |
Formal Statements
1 Y5 Q6 a/ P" s0 [" x 1. Public Speeches4 \" `' X9 Q2 q% p* P4 \" [
2. Letters of opposition or support$ S( |0 k* L- e% [+ Z
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions: p. n {3 Z6 v* p
4. Signed public statements
( Y0 M+ i8 k9 M$ X+ L3 _ 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
2 ]5 `3 A7 f: O& H* K' p 6. Group or mass petitions6 `2 j! b1 N7 Z' S( m
; y! u) V, l) N! ICommunications with a Wider Audience
0 V) d7 }6 B1 B: C- K) _ 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
, K: v, e8 M- w2 l" N) \+ T$ q6 W 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications0 W3 ]( Y, a1 p! D' [6 ?: L
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
/ H( G% |; t( M0 J8 h3 u 10. Newspapers and journals% }; A) y1 [+ c" |5 U
11. Records, radio, and television& V" Q3 ~* l& Q6 U4 l5 L2 j
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
/ l7 K3 [+ o2 c( f$ @: f( Q
3 _* @( i0 X% m) O6 pGroup Representations5 P) k) x5 k. ]- `( v
13. Deputations
! G0 f1 I+ i. J( V; v( G# F! t 14. Mock awards
! o! V3 W9 I7 U9 I0 o- b 15. Group lobbying
V/ h; t1 r) R1 I$ Z. x( } 16. Picketing+ {/ e, E5 w& w6 T. m
17. Mock elections9 G( ~) F; h. J* r& u4 E: X( l* z
a" Q; }5 J& }
Symbolic Public Acts
$ f: n- N* y" ^5 l 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors2 P+ ^# e- k. x5 t$ i! [! W/ K
19. Wearing of symbols
* V- D% R; ?, r K3 |1 o+ T 20. Prayer and worship
- I9 ]$ m1 `2 i: n" C3 d 21. Delivering symbolic objects2 e2 ` `4 y$ W/ s4 V/ E: k9 P
22. Protest disrobings
8 B- d/ A7 P, @ 23. Destruction of own property
: A. G/ ?' s! y. Q0 z b/ L 24. Symbolic lights$ W! y0 U5 n$ t' K* {
25. Displays of portraits
- o4 N& O: A# {, Y8 [1 R0 `. ] 26. Paint as protest6 `8 @% B5 E* t3 f
27. New signs and names
( B' f( m) s) v& p! _ 28. Symbolic sounds& b) O/ X6 P% s+ R
29. Symbolic reclamations1 p! ^) f& p) C( v) o# `
30. Rude gestures1 Q' l% h8 s: J
1 z% m4 c2 @3 [ ^4 q
Pressures on Individuals
" _! ?# m8 l4 e/ f. h 31. “Haunting” officials
( m! q+ ^5 x, U( b# K* Z1 @) J 32. Taunting officials1 ^6 s0 a* h ?2 Z3 l- W
33. Fraternization
8 f9 f T9 j- D9 J9 w+ L 34. Vigils% Y- B5 N2 c# [) Q
, z; z: j! U6 ^. i+ n( aDrama and Music
% y# V. b/ a4 o% V! { 35. Humorous skits and pranks9 r5 d" u4 `3 @- N) s. c
36. Performances of plays and music
; h5 s' \0 K) E% P) r$ z 37. Singing8 X5 U, M4 Y7 I- {' X
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Processions
. z, j1 c2 U. `. q& |+ g 38. Marches
) e: G4 b" D# U9 j6 m 39. Parades
+ S, {; D6 H4 T5 s; p6 \) x- x/ I) l 40. Religious processions8 t) \9 M! s$ z4 V! ^6 i, C
41. Pilgrimages. n. R$ _% H9 I) d4 m" t! R
42. Motorcades
9 {; M! U5 E2 {( H0 g: s1 d" `3 ]! ?5 A O
Honoring the Dead, G/ ^3 T( E8 P" L8 |6 ?
43. Political mourning# _. K# ^" ] U; x3 L C
44. Mock funerals
* S, [6 h! M" u/ o, k8 B% _1 S 45. Demonstrative funerals
# N% }* ]6 S6 m 46. Homage at burial places
6 Q* k. O! D8 z- {4 P/ G4 D2 C( T- o- L5 M8 s9 ?5 r
Public Assemblies w* V. n; p% a+ ^1 ]7 ]2 n( w
47. Assemblies of protest or support7 s% D; t+ b% D) f2 y; u; S
48. Protest meetings* ^" u- d, A/ E" p- G3 z
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest. r7 D6 M1 Q$ j3 E
50. Teach-ins5 Q% z7 |1 F0 I# l- [9 u; T
) ?3 n9 b! U* {/ e( y# ?
Withdrawal and Renunciation y) I: o' s: P5 t
51. Walk-outs3 y D5 C* G4 ~4 \; P0 \
52. Silence1 `0 d" o2 g- Y
53. Renouncing honors) o4 o; z a; B, |" m$ U" c
54. Turning one’s back
% s( P8 {9 L: }1 c4 e
7 o L8 H4 }6 l0 r, _7 ?: s
" R6 h# z- b( { Q; J
' H# q% }4 f* [& |8 RTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION* q0 O. F+ z/ C" v$ H1 r. t
{$ a2 F, g, ^
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Ostracism of Persons" l, \! ?$ i/ O9 `& h1 h
55. Social boycott& ~) o, w$ v- i' F ~7 j% x
56. Selective social boycott
9 b) t1 Y, F, N/ |! O$ U* X 57. Lysistratic nonaction; G( \! Y" E! I: \
58. Excommunication
* ?9 v8 ?& _0 g, g. M9 v+ B: w 59. Interdict K+ X; U; J4 `$ b7 F3 F, Z9 R
) l! D/ n: b3 U9 h/ {% M& _! t, uNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions0 |, g5 p6 o, r, [) c9 o3 Z# v
60. Suspension of social and sports activities3 _6 ?% q4 l0 @
61. Boycott of social affairs
, P& r- T: _3 a+ _9 {. ]; k( n 62. Student strike9 _! C2 I/ ~$ z% F% r9 T
63. Social disobedience
+ f" G- W! M9 H$ p l 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
& z! [- V. F& s3 }1 E* z `( x5 Y& V" ^' |' O u6 N6 l
Withdrawal from the Social System
8 q: d, o1 B# v' H0 }5 D 65. Stay-at-home
! s7 H1 \( h X: D9 y 66. Total personal noncooperation
* c3 B9 x9 i9 H 67. “Flight” of workers5 U& v/ k4 y, {2 B" i
68. Sanctuary* W2 c4 E# w# c
69. Collective disappearance( C* k- J1 y7 y1 F* p
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)) x. O6 r4 ?1 g3 |$ t! ?
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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9 S" E6 ^5 c9 [7 P' F
Actions by Consumers/ n _( H! \! u& ?* U$ Q
71. Consumers’ boycott
- ?& G; m( |9 v6 R1 P 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods! B( j4 ^! u# q1 ~ j
73. Policy of austerity; f2 l, {* {( Y1 C4 L. ]
74. Rent withholding
7 H/ N& W' _2 \# A s" ]; _, i+ A 75. Refusal to rent1 G3 @0 A3 Z4 l7 } R" C- z
76. National consumers’ boycott
0 B, i7 X6 m* J: Q$ x# } 77. International consumers’ boycott
) w* M& N7 r+ s' J8 s+ c+ V$ `+ b: ~
Action by Workers and Producers
6 I; u2 M/ t; |( P5 z4 S- _ 78. Workmen’s boycott
0 |6 z* H% W; ?9 e# t+ v3 J 79. Producers’ boycott
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5 }7 I4 j* W2 ^8 Q o5 j( nAction by Middlemen0 F/ w4 k/ k# F( @9 E
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
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Action by Owners and Management
# d# Y* t" w9 C+ f( T 81. Traders’ boycott
1 y) v4 X( h" ], `9 A 82. Refusal to let or sell property* s& z2 y* a' Z) H" i% ]6 d
83. Lockout( t, p! p+ V8 H6 |5 E
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
% d. e( f: A7 X: Q 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
' |3 T# E+ C- g5 {
& X# D: K9 c4 NAction by Holders of Financial Resources
, S' M6 [* {, A" V- ` 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits: [( b# Y8 T3 r; F9 e2 K4 R6 \& q
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments- `" {8 d2 u i( ?( Z2 D3 y
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest1 L4 _5 p4 h. o) K K: y
89. Severance of funds and credit
$ E9 c% g5 D- i# S' `- S 90. Revenue refusal
3 [! f; S1 K8 D Y 91. Refusal of a government’s money+ Y* x. C# X i8 F! ~* {
) ~* W& G6 P& z! A, B) N) \Action by Governments
3 C% A& g9 c: Q0 {* [ 92. Domestic embargo
9 M& D8 W% d3 s; v2 _ 93. Blacklisting of traders
9 t1 v& G1 v* y* P0 \ 94. International sellers’ embargo: b A6 }2 h- R
95. International buyers’ embargo
$ X( @, I: _0 Z6 e$ l6 y( O5 p 96. International trade embargo8 r" ^# K% { ?, c8 J+ r
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE* i" V1 x: U% y! j3 ?0 @! a5 Z; x; j
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: R+ a- ^; k& ]- g8 v( l L HSymbolic Strikes6 i: E& @1 z3 ?8 ^. d1 F
97. Protest strike
( j6 q* F& @( s2 k0 ?. ^# J* W 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)6 M( p* ]* z( J( U( o$ `
5 _% E( X* ~- U, QAgricultural Strikes E i. x; j0 {; X9 D4 \
99. Peasant strike- l9 Z/ e: @2 ^; p
100. Farm Workers’ strike- ]. ]3 Z8 Z! N7 Q$ r
; ?/ I8 K( O. G5 X" I* JStrikes by Special Groups
5 h' H' R* ]+ M8 @, k 101. Refusal of impressed labor
9 ~, ?7 f( K6 {: I 102. Prisoners’ strike
4 N6 w1 [8 ~& |% {& ]% c% ? 103. Craft strike
! X) Z7 l# h# a! T 104. Professional strike5 W) U) D+ @& g, B" N8 N
/ n" A$ X D1 Q$ f+ X" m1 ]
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
9 S( I4 _: J/ E% @ 105. Establishment strike n% ]6 {: Z3 y' Z3 d9 [6 w
106. Industry strike- J4 f0 J- U" Z0 f) w2 p. s) F; O4 {
107. Sympathetic strike0 e8 u( J1 j, A }" B3 {, r p2 D
1 C5 F0 d2 [. T5 K" x6 T jRestricted Strikes
+ x9 h; \! b$ ^ 108. Detailed strike
( P- s& B8 W; h; @% u 109. Bumper strike i+ y& ]" ?" J4 I$ H
110. Slowdown strike
5 b2 i, p, B8 K- v0 t( R 111. Working-to-rule strike
0 [- ?+ P1 u1 @' } 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
4 Y% S z. L1 F- }3 a- n' v 113. Strike by resignation5 h2 @) h/ N5 L& c2 I1 T
114. Limited strike
, J+ v9 l/ `/ C& t5 h9 h 115. Selective strike
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Multi-Industry Strikes
0 K( U7 s- u& `6 ^. c, ]0 R
& e8 l6 J* g/ V" H) f Z* ?* @. _ 116. Generalized strike
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117. General strike
# ~5 A, |; D% {# d- v6 ]
; o4 ]. r8 Y, S" l- x* Z y' VCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures# M- W) h4 K, v" r' l
/ ?! W( m! ]* C0 i; _" ]! Z 118. Hartal
$ I5 w+ B# O: `, W* t4 s% _9 L& @3 G
119. Economic shutdown' f0 c4 K: f. e, B6 {4 E9 O
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! s. p( D+ R4 o3 t( ~2 OTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION4 a+ i Q/ G2 c/ c: Z: ?4 \& G
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Rejection of Authority: }5 y( j, w5 q; A
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
6 c' L7 ?: r, q; l; \3 e# H3 l( t 121. Refusal of public support
" A4 U+ r- l8 ]* P Y( s+ F& T( K 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance( B9 Y- {' o5 M9 @8 K
+ j- q( L+ T; L& sCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government; R" M3 P* Q( M/ j* F( [$ P
123. Boycott of legislative bodies$ D& z. x4 x+ d' K; g
124. Boycott of elections
5 r {+ s8 {, `9 a% `5 @$ B$ M/ C 125. Boycott of government employment and positions, v5 }6 _4 z' S' ^" p3 ?9 j& k
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
/ L& r, m9 |, ^6 O 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions$ j2 s6 U; k/ w: O# G. _7 ]4 ], i
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations( r% r" U9 F, H. J: n" B5 \
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents- w( N$ p0 u8 e: _0 Z& U' S9 M. M* `9 g" C
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
, i2 p7 B: ~) Z9 F% b8 Z7 Z* l" H( ? 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials/ `3 c: _9 w/ q7 A# F
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions( [' ~. ~1 `, G+ }9 x
# W4 i" t! M- S% s& ZCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience" R$ h \) c* S$ k2 x
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
/ y8 e' p1 o4 \- z- g9 ] 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision5 N1 }5 B+ S% I: G
135. Popular nonobedience5 K0 q ]! _- ^
136. Disguised disobedience, v6 x( X$ S% E# \& R1 z( |: x
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
; J3 |/ s# u0 W1 c 138. Sitdown
: z; [; P* {, `( F% _ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation/ A, O+ n9 F- W9 [5 D/ y2 W
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
- k7 Y9 U* H5 C7 e 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws% v& E3 a- x2 z& Q5 \
. i' C; M" W& m6 H0 hAction by Government Personnel4 @$ [2 G3 o. l+ v8 b. v
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
, p, k" C' W% _+ \( ?, C6 ^ 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
+ B" R& p' A$ i6 ]/ O2 c# c 144. Stalling and obstruction. a! j: W7 v' ?# t# A/ ~) Y0 I7 }
145. General administrative noncooperation
5 e9 Y6 T+ I; k( y/ u. J% y- i8 G) j& ]7 ~
146. Judicial noncooperation8 [! B. g" w1 L- M. q* s0 d
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
. U& S/ y8 B, G" e* @3 m7 u 148. Mutiny
) [; x9 I% e4 n' H& L' b" Z: lDomestic Governmental Action' Y! j. n9 [ Z! E
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
" v6 g: k. l" M- `; \: @ 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
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& b, k7 M q$ X6 x0 K( |International Governmental Action
; E) O) E7 i) f 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations1 z, P+ r# d% n. w$ b
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
8 {; n9 ?4 }$ U6 | 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
6 B# k7 Z u8 Q' y1 O# h. O$ k1 u 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
2 T$ D& s- I4 [2 @8 Z: l2 K 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
: `& s# D. s% c0 D 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
8 I/ C" W& r Q& Q& Q* l 157. Expulsion from international organizations8 v, G f; V( Q8 t8 K. r( j
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION! e5 D- l# W' v& y# J
; x: y6 a6 Q% N( ^' j$ E1 X0 A4 R% i + m% x- B- }: N0 @. Q* E& S
Psychological Intervention, C, I; z! S' Y8 q* O9 |/ q1 L
158. Self-exposure to the elements9 U* G' W! E2 C
159. The fast
9 }4 D6 K9 f7 t a) Fast of moral pressure. b5 z/ B/ o8 x% x
b) Hunger strike: q: w- T9 t! O3 H* [5 H
c) Satyagrahic fast' J O" m8 }1 i" @9 P
160. Reverse trial
. U" F' T1 E. M9 I7 Z( f 161. Nonviolent harassment
; \8 c9 ~- |# v5 b9 {& G
6 j- p2 Z* z0 H! O7 g5 j# d( W9 SPhysical Intervention
6 n2 i$ Q' D- f# A 162. Sit-in* i+ U7 c2 U( @
163. Stand-in
8 ]/ N6 I- M. c8 x" N 164. Ride-in
; F- U! m" C. F$ q+ g! } 165. Wade-in ?" z, a& E! F+ m$ J( \6 ~; {8 ^9 |
166. Mill-in
7 g- j* ~5 k Z) K 167. Pray-in
/ l- O* w+ `" S/ f 168. Nonviolent raids
9 }* e" c2 T9 Y% Q! r! @ 169. Nonviolent air raids
7 m1 c; @# A0 j, c: C 170. Nonviolent invasion
) v/ X* p6 j: A. e 171. Nonviolent interjection( M8 x3 _2 B0 M+ [& y. l0 W C$ h1 @
172. Nonviolent obstruction
* [0 g: e- e/ {- n0 Z 173. Nonviolent occupation; z* N- r5 e! {& ?2 s" |2 b+ i! o
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Social Intervention
. g( a5 M# P6 \7 v& |5 e 174. Establishing new social patterns
$ }6 x& h+ k9 j' g9 C+ c 175. Overloading of facilities/ N* v. R! ~ F' T, O
176. Stall-in
% z/ t+ f( q" { K6 [- B; N4 O# j 177. Speak-in6 H) l8 D: r8 d" G
178. Guerrilla theater0 f( f Q0 A9 l5 K
179. Alternative social institutions* a4 U/ m7 ? y
180. Alternative communication system0 b% h% m) o5 [# D4 A8 V4 k& T
# T( K3 G8 P5 ~0 d/ s. n7 GEconomic Intervention
. P: w+ @! @2 E ^) f2 q0 H 181. Reverse strike0 u2 E% @/ d$ W
182. Stay-in strike a5 I9 [* u( B$ B
183. Nonviolent land seizure
! n& I/ J- x8 ]& h 184. Defiance of blockades% o7 }0 g4 g+ x9 W
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
" D: r3 S+ Z% h1 k4 X* M 186. Preclusive purchasing% V) o+ `7 i/ i3 _
187. Seizure of assets
4 U; s) @7 t. s) } G, ~3 T$ M 188. Dumping3 d7 V6 H$ i6 X* A# x& O
189. Selective patronage! B. \5 V6 A6 c( N* _+ }
190. Alternative markets, M8 T# x3 h$ x' Q* U+ D2 }
191. Alternative transportation systems$ u3 Z: t' n# D' m7 \/ T
192. Alternative economic institutions
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Political Intervention% y+ u" f& S& H7 k2 o7 j
193. Overloading of administrative systems1 z* i$ h6 i' R- D6 t( b) I
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
8 v5 Z: z% Y/ h8 T) r$ N+ d0 H# G3 T 195. Seeking imprisonment1 r) w3 ?2 m/ A6 R
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
0 Q2 M, I+ p, U# u1 | 197. Work-on without collaboration( o3 l; S( u# f1 q3 Q; Q% a% V
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
