你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

: V% P9 T# ]9 X/ A$ y8 k9 f; E
* A, t! x( F2 G9 V3 rThe Flap
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A flap occurs in three situations.

  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
+ x" Q% W7 ^% G/ h. Q  |: f. m1 g                                     
& W( j) U2 E/ ?3 A1 S% ~         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
2 N  A. L) W, J5 v% `# x9 G                                     
                
; Y) L( {' O" l/ ?6 ]% i" s  water becomes wader
  Do you need some water?
                
  letter becomes ledder
! O) y9 [' _" M  The letter was in the mailbox.
6 x2 [+ g5 S" |$ q                 
9 m2 I5 b& S  A' b% M. Q  bottle becomes boddle
- f/ }, s) h9 {3 w( R% f$ k5 N  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
" |) v5 v- d9 N7 P$ v2 @# {                 
  butter becomes budder
  The butter melted in the sun.
9 W; R! `, V6 T- h5 d: J; O                                     
  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
! k" u& \3 e* _+ ~, A0 Z8 A: C      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
+ G" B6 l- X5 i1 k      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
      quickly.   
7 A1 v5 v- r1 g' R! S! e/ A                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
' b8 k# O5 x# D  c! U4 k, P( }, Z# j                                     
                   medical        She is a medical student.
, j7 U; F% C: i" G                    sediment            
) T: V5 n- j+ j: K  g3 T. @The sediment on the river bottom is course sand.

                   cadence           
& _: A7 a, x9 s9 p$ Y4 D* VDrums keep the cadence in a marching band.
: s$ i$ Q! P+ j0 F5 d0 P
                   cider         This apple cider is great.
                   spider        A spider has eight legs.
: n) o7 Y% C( Z                                     
) I' ^+ X0 g7 X! D  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
       next. (see section on linking)
, D7 d5 w+ l& Z. Z+ F                   
8 ^8 ?% ~- B+ T  F" Z6 c) ^         Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
; M7 Z. W. S0 x5 P+ Q+ R, ^# k2 s                   
5 f% m9 n% o4 V            'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
# k) W- C) B, Q7 I; j1 g          I'll get your bags right away sir.
# s7 g5 X  b; L" F9 _0 ^
4 O5 M6 C8 R3 g8 K3 E
                  
           'what if' becomes whad dif
          What if we go to Paris for vacation?

: _! _4 C9 o) ~) t
                  
$ Z. Q% K* u) H! Y5 c$ V4 e1 d             'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
3 M3 o# h8 @; {7 }2 a; k8 k7 d0 A           Might I suggest a new tie?


                  
5 y. z8 \6 V/ _0 U3 p' i        
Note: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop
4 Q8 c, i2 ^) Y, K
9 n, _6 B5 `. s+ cWhen a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.

                           
* ]$ M- g3 M1 l, |         Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                           
7 x* j$ g! k5 D        
3 r* h  c  T" J/ F1 Z    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
   Have you eaten yet?
; C* \# \  s( j( T0 K        
! Y% v% z  `6 F" B; L    'satin' becomes sa'n  
$ |: V  h8 f, h; ^   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
7 }9 z9 F; Y7 O# w& K        
    'sentence' becomes se'ence
   This sentence makes no sense.
       
    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
- K" D7 ?2 n, H9 i6 `, y/ U        
& L) R5 ^/ _- I& [! T( c. v( R    'getting' become ge'n        
   I'm getting to old for this.
3 _4 s8 t: z( d        
9 f. E2 ?& A9 r( S2 j7 @    'button' becomes but'n   
   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't

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In an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
. T& t' }* f: i! h$ _1 Z2 i                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
       
   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
7 D% \# T) O9 Q   We can swim in the lake.
+ |% S* {4 L2 [2 ^

       
   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
   I can cook pizza.

9 F% a6 @, @$ z2 _
7 O: `/ D* L9 e9 M! A7 r( O        
9 E' K5 W3 q! L: p0 O+ F   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
   She can read Italian and Russian.
6 `$ `: Y/ q( h$ L

       
   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
   They can ride on the roller coaster.

7 Y  k' Q) P. G4 j                                              
In the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
; |2 I& [: c5 ?                                              
' N# W  s; D9 L. G+ |7 d6 ~1 w! Y& D   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
2 @# |7 c# `3 v   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
       
8 U3 l- d& f' Q  'We can't go' becomes
   We KAN' GO.  
: @6 q# v% [+ O4 S
We can go to the movies.
We can't go to the movies.
/ V. n$ o8 s) v1 y, W
       
- M0 t' H( Y) e8 x2 ]0 Y5 G5 I  'Larry can't speak' becomes
   Larry KAN' SPEAK.
  S. d2 T- V7 p3 j
3 g4 j" Z% ~+ y' y" |- t* nLarry can speak French.
* W( w: F  V) k. ]Larry can't speak French.

( [" U$ a+ K( T2 H9 ]        
- Y$ @% v2 w$ S* @  'She can't do it' becomes
   She KAN' DO it   

. I: e# H# ^* JShe can do it.
/ t4 v9 e' X+ @1 f) ~She can't do it.
6 l' G) Z0 E! o7 ^) N
) L/ u# @! @- I9 \( ?/ ?        
  'Some people can't sing' becomes
( Q4 c& q7 M# Z) m9 T   Some people KAN' SING
: [, {" W5 k( j% QSome people can sing.
2 W4 }8 ?; t) F$ r% ~Some people can't sing.
# u6 I$ ]# y; e  t9 ^8 c! k
4 T' F% ]: x% ?! ]                                              
2 i) z5 G5 R  W+ b1 Z) _! S) Y$ \If the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
" C& ^" \% S0 N7 ^/ M' n                                              
9 _) t1 O& Q7 k$ [2 C6 j3 o   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
- n7 l' c+ e  Z' q/ X& ?   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
       
   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
5 L8 V& ^! a* [. |. Y% m2 N   We can't attend the concert.
       
   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
   Wally can't invite her to the party.
" v6 R' G1 r0 @9 V& S+ h; u& r        
% C' n3 [/ b. h7 a1 e8 H   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
7 V: B3 u* Q8 S* o# x8 s4 H( y   He can't answer the question.

: _/ \! r  a) o! l        
, Z" ?1 \2 b# K$ s5 w" w  R   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions
- H3 M! t. W& i
Many times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)
% s' s3 L, K+ ^- d% C
) }: @' l$ H" r, k                   
     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                          
       
    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
+ C: o- Q- T2 P) p   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
       
. q+ r3 o) L  t; {/ b8 g+ o   
8 ~5 i, b( m8 Q& C6 F
, g1 L2 W! j' T5 P' Z: f( [( Z        
    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
. ^* j1 J( v- y- l9 O2 F        
( ]4 O" P/ W5 K4 [+ S# l3 X  W   

! ?/ `: i* q& j, \* V        
" J6 w# u) T* S- `4 p6 R% g    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
3 y5 L8 q% B4 h9 p4 k2 Z   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
       
+ N/ C4 R7 I- L: W) E, B   
. F$ Z5 `" k. k' P
       
    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
   Larry doesn't study hard enough.
" Y% e4 t  b; X8 c! ~+ d