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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
8 M$ e+ m. j3 g
" N1 D( K5 S( o- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
f, J) g0 _9 R# o4 i
# h) U- H6 x' S* ] TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
0 G8 H3 u' h4 t1 {exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third! r4 n# a! \3 M, D0 K
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic9 l: T$ e" R$ y/ @
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit7 n) C6 J7 A) ?. M
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
! r! ^4 b+ E4 i8 P/ k6 y+ @% }more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,: W4 V8 d( c: k3 e9 h% ~ d0 X3 }& X
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
* @! O& C' l4 e2 @( sLePage Real Estate Services.
3 t) C. l9 l6 {, H- B7 p0 b5 W( G- y5 u. K0 y
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters( V% B$ f2 ]6 q! z0 I& l8 o3 a
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic! F, ]- K( H4 i( | l# {0 Z
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and7 m3 ^6 a6 k3 V
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the8 M6 g( q# P: @5 Z `) p
residential real estate sector.
. F# }3 _# f( q5 b5 ~6 |% F6 r; N( f: K- L: e
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
; c: t0 d9 o: C. c8 _+ ~occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)" \2 ~0 a3 v3 q& N
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562+ g2 r6 }( [$ x3 p
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
: P9 i% f6 ?; A8 O(+13.2%).1 _1 m1 a) ^4 M) |9 E6 s2 `2 c
3 ?4 B' h$ l9 Z2 { "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
% \/ D4 p9 e8 `# p- b5 v! q/ l2 W4 Tduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
% x5 {! s( m" c) ~6 `frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are3 H! Z9 D8 z& T6 M; \" `* r" b
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,& x# T9 F! Z- M7 E# F
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.0 c5 Z. | q D' B% f2 D! Z
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
! v' V# H/ |* @$ w8 ]7 Dwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy7 p7 d7 H# |0 Y4 y* B6 Q" v
balanced market."4 h; J4 Y& a- ^5 ?# x- F
" ^ E; d+ M2 z7 |0 R Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,1 \, p; e; S% M$ Y
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift8 K2 S6 ~2 W5 v/ l2 ]% Q
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued, I% |6 ]; C6 e& h% u/ F& H
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core T) c: R0 l! r: x
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,; v# l ^& U# E5 X) ]0 n
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record: H- n& w7 u3 D. }% u
breaking price appreciations.
& U; z! q7 z: V9 V) {) A. q2 K" p% P; k6 e! |! c
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding# l& }* ]! e8 B6 ?- n0 r/ |1 n
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
5 P7 y' ?; |1 p* y+ X$ t0 @1 flargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
2 _9 j$ w: O- V8 D, Q
# E* V/ X) Q2 F: G: F( J; v In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid0 w8 X6 X+ M( ~; }( @% r3 L
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer! r7 m3 i# Z, ^" |
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off( {4 ~+ t E5 m& w" c) h% Z
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
& q8 B. A% G6 W. c9 v: a8 hIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
" o1 f' d2 k5 g4 y4 Mgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of, f7 H" p* Y( m4 ^; o
price appreciation when compared with 2005., k1 [' _3 y6 g: N
! N" F) T4 }; J( T0 F While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing8 [, F) d8 j4 A6 O9 g/ n' b3 Y* p( B
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
; N/ y& M! T$ |0 h) U- N) L# ofinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada4 ]/ G4 @" z* D* Y7 a n
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
7 [& M+ o& K' d5 q7 N2 k" p6 q: w
$ P$ {, @) b8 p# ?5 I$ {$ Y Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
: W+ |& E7 T1 `: _' O/ p# wAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
; o7 g2 l( z8 ~9 yfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the$ ^( m4 P) E) d$ O" O4 q8 O6 Z
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
7 L7 E' U! l7 z- Z+ caffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the$ b% f% t- U* b) K) S) a/ U( n
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
; @, v# o7 h3 f2 {1 y" Saggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization1 T$ u% k# K, K) r1 ]7 Z9 y8 ]
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."8 W( o5 A6 o- A- z8 c6 g! P2 w% z% [
1 P+ ^! c I3 a" m
<<: F- }( K' H% [) Q+ k" X' X
REGIONAL SUMMARIES6 e U' z- q Z2 O
>>
& U& E2 Y9 i( E6 ?* L/ d1 _& L/ X; h
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
/ C) p- e2 |# A% {) \1 zHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate& Q& k( L2 O+ P8 B8 u( h
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
- x6 V7 ]9 A0 D1 llooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
: D( u) a. H; f- X" G0 e, Drenovations.
$ m3 ]7 R0 D9 ^- W' L6 U" }) s
) Q! e j* [0 o- X The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
* d' s# _ F' H% _6 K, Oincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
" \2 W; V- E# Ocompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and9 Q1 o% X6 S# \3 V
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
0 M3 N2 W: N& w |! s2 C; p3 |% o4 I+ E& D
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
5 [( Y, p, y9 R2 b3 Vslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the8 f! H& `* D' Z' v( R% [, R1 |
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new7 s Y( b& O0 P9 F- ?: I% V% [
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
; t3 b$ E' C% M6 Hto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
5 \" } L$ z, sand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
; S- b/ f& F u* a- j
3 Z" ~ J2 j3 |, E3 R In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
% t4 Q' e4 F9 }2 e$ b) e; ~9 n1 P0 aconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
: \+ x- M9 y, r( |9 Hhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
6 H p/ L. [9 \1 ewas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
0 }% j! k# l/ C# u( jdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
$ |* O8 g4 A$ d7 ]) R% L0 abuyers with more options when looking for a home.
/ W" ]4 q( r- S% ^) x. I: _7 y% y0 Q7 A8 n
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly, v: y! h7 ?( e8 o+ y
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
( {6 f* }) i7 v! c/ f7 rpriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,1 |' r& U* A$ F1 ^
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last3 v. |7 X u+ P+ c5 @5 j( u' h
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.1 A% P: l: V9 p$ b, c3 C; g4 L$ }
& A1 D+ a" s( d' T Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
" T; T N& s$ n& I' ~: Mprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory( W' v; o, s; @" g4 L" w. z `- E
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting: L( H/ ?: o/ Z" I# y
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,1 B3 X8 x3 o, Q9 C, l' [
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
0 h* ~ u& h7 u) M1 c4 @% Mpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
2 \1 ?# k3 _. z- b8 }0 lmaking a purchase.
6 X5 r4 e% o/ H# Z! \1 o" L
2 Z0 } a' I, e* `7 O Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing9 O8 G9 ]' h3 S+ \* s
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
) M) r) }# @! A3 ^# R9 cconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city3 k- [( u& b4 z' n( W# t
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
9 |" A4 Y( G) e1 gattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
( N2 h8 F: K" h7 mamenities.. {( ~ Z" z2 I6 @5 K
( A5 @1 g4 ]( Q# n
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
7 q( w' g- d! _throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
2 N& S* N) \7 ^) s tacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
! F9 p! E) Z$ U! L% N6 m8 ^continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been9 R: q- L2 }0 v; }
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle8 N; p F) {- v$ t$ f1 a
residence, rather than for investment.
. t0 I2 f; B8 n' h- z0 i: @" D! t- P; j2 d
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as I/ g8 Q- f9 \. M# d
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
; S5 z2 k5 C8 X; _* s: x* @in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer4 W. ?; e% S! a+ L, h
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization4 E# p+ {! T0 ^) ?2 w
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
, e7 g. \9 c. M8 L3 R8 I5 l f) ~the market.
7 d* {% u H% c& D3 a2 {, u- W, C2 H c8 x
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
) g, w) j0 @/ C7 d8 fJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In" N3 r6 _1 Z$ ]1 C0 u0 A% W: L
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
$ L; k2 S. F: N0 Mmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
+ i4 I- ~* x4 f0 y! Gto the shortage of available inventory.
! M4 ^# i& ?* k# H3 q1 N" K
9 o- [, E: f9 c5 | Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its$ Z1 b* o2 F3 o+ k# D h1 G2 j
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
: j: r# r; l2 o4 A7 ivibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses9 s; I1 W& n% L( q+ [
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.* x/ ?. y' j) v# ^& O+ T1 {
" w$ D: _. V; W7 b
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases. w6 C. F# L( I8 G9 Q j; X+ I
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low& O, D9 `) |. B3 @7 o$ x% V
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
4 j% t0 b3 D5 l9 _: A. Y9 xpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring! z6 W$ e; p3 R5 [ k* [
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer/ O( B; p! t& s
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as+ @ x+ ]( C' Y4 r8 d
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.0 [, Q% ?' q( Y) r" o4 c+ v
! z9 N# N0 L" a" O
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter) O$ H" V5 V# }- l" I
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
/ E$ S9 u6 w% m- mremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
6 A) F9 b1 I. S% F" v+ r6 i+ qmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices; S7 |6 ?- y: r1 a8 H
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve: u. A# g6 ?) y* ^
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
# D6 b B: d7 G# `+ K4 ^3 ]' @towards the end of 2006. ( m+ c7 @7 O+ p0 }( a1 v: _
4 y2 s/ _+ @" U9 f
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of7 @9 f8 F4 H" X
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable3 C. d$ D, l z, o* \9 c1 [9 `
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
+ u+ z F R g1 a1 N7 H" lgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to e$ c) g* B* z! z' T" V
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added4 Z- c/ d a. P: w. ?& Q
pressure on tight inventory levels.
p$ Y8 l" X1 z/ s' V7 e; x$ z# y8 f8 ?
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic; D8 e6 G, A) P Y/ S/ @: \5 S% M, r
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people$ q; s- k i7 {5 |* s
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
3 z8 h0 {# _! l" cwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
# `2 y2 ~) \ e: w" U$ C. vfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.$ ^0 n5 T' h- b% O
$ i: j1 z- C- A0 I7 j
<<4 G% ^0 O, ^' S* O, |& e
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 20061 `& J& C! J; T0 o5 K
4 K- p `7 a: r1 F1 j" E8 d4 `& _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------! T/ A Y9 k: z
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey' l1 Y; B+ { h" w& t7 T4 {6 ~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 s- v3 G& k2 B9 h& L 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
: [& Y% u9 R& _( o Market Average Average % Change Average Average
4 k9 Y( ]' x8 Q( d! q6 F -------------------------------------------------------------------------
' O" Z0 v; M1 |; H, l Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000* ~: l3 j) l1 H& p3 }% H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 e5 G, [' ~ D9 z% o; d5 j
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000* e/ U- [! J4 {: x9 k7 Q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ V0 O( m! r; W# m" q& g# ~
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
7 |6 v9 x A$ G. K5 h -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ ^( ^/ M: \- D9 K C* L/ I: W. M
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
; K8 Z' P% H) } -------------------------------------------------------------------------* t k1 D: k" {! n; o
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
6 B- ?/ j2 v- P. Q- q: {8 J -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 `: V7 B; B# l5 q" ]' }- \ Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
I7 r0 r. Q7 H) `% n- ]% [8 F -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 `% _" n" t$ y3 @" t. l3 J: h
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185) U. R3 ?4 X+ A1 ]* u8 h9 p. k' K/ E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 @/ r t% U6 o1 e! J( Z( A. E8 s1 v
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2500 P% D8 _7 V$ f0 @
-------------------------------------------------------------------------# W) |7 Z2 k, m
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766% ]% t2 ^# ~' h/ s1 C5 |& y5 m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! m W* z" y' X4 ^+ @4 B# s3 l Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
8 z) W% e y6 A+ ^( I, ` -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 m4 T/ f! a! e' E8 P0 z0 }2 S) @
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500# e4 }4 A" Q8 a% X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------: ~+ u7 m) b; t3 u8 q! n/ _
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389. N& ?8 X: B5 v9 f7 P% P( @* p' I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 U6 j# M# r, @ D
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
1 h) ^" f6 N$ R+ h. I5 ~% u( l -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* t% P" t# i: \' f! w Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500. |( `; }- |7 P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( y: @+ e" }1 b( P7 H; O A+ ~
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,0002 c0 o7 @* |2 t" \' [! P7 x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- W% Y3 i; j: q% g National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
* ~3 ^! @2 H8 ?! h( c -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! U9 |1 s/ J% M: n: ^/ @# d p% T$ ]" C# M2 q. i* W3 c5 h
-------------------------------------------------------------
# d: D6 ]: {5 X+ D" ` Standard Condominium7 Y# i. N3 I. e% O" j
-------------------------------------------------------------
, |7 ]1 K* ^! a3 O( a 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
3 R& y# {+ h8 C# x: \/ U, ^9 n Market % Change Average Average % Change
& h5 n* b- B% h) {9 ~ -------------------------------------------------------------
% H! R, h4 i' s8 m9 }, G3 g% w5 o Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%( B; P, J/ i$ k q6 {$ M+ |
-------------------------------------------------------------7 \) @3 {/ z* {# K! }, H3 ~
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%( c2 x* M$ W, h1 m g
-------------------------------------------------------------- v& I0 Z, \0 J2 z3 f+ N
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A6 z3 ?, q6 y$ n+ u
-------------------------------------------------------------
c( _3 t O) n, o4 M/ I Saint John N/A - - N/A
" ^, Z( E) ?6 ~5 Y -------------------------------------------------------------7 t, @3 _+ v3 A) s8 G8 c% e
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
* v6 a& U! q7 X1 T; r* ` -------------------------------------------------------------
" j; O; q, p4 Q+ J Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4% p" o" j5 ~: u# t0 \
-------------------------------------------------------------7 k" V6 s8 i: `
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%$ d7 r' z+ o) Z' f% y
-------------------------------------------------------------1 `) j+ j+ ^& m
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%* u9 B/ Y5 O5 w6 s/ ^
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 G; b# u0 P6 d: j' c0 w0 M Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%0 G# r z o2 S) D1 J
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 ?! l! G; n7 _. i) [4 y0 Q/ q Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
+ b8 Z* N# A* e$ d3 K# x -------------------------------------------------------------4 J1 H0 Y( W. D. S7 q3 |- d# w* l
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%! Y% G( x. |- u
-------------------------------------------------------------
q4 d5 t9 O& t3 F Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%% ?1 z. p( M. J/ s7 F+ b8 k
-------------------------------------------------------------
/ o8 S* ~1 P6 r; s6 n2 o Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%' K( E2 T! E0 t0 P, i
-------------------------------------------------------------
$ E9 X' l1 f8 I) U2 ` Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3% G6 h4 z3 Y( f- X8 ? `& Z
-------------------------------------------------------------, I# W6 R! `# @4 ^+ N
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
7 R1 p r0 K Z3 v* z5 T6 ~4 B -------------------------------------------------------------
% c9 \3 N6 l0 m National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
+ O" e% w: L+ ?" V& H1 W4 [ -------------------------------------------------------------1 M# V0 [; K! T/ F. B8 q
>>4 L$ U8 Z2 f9 F! t% D2 N
2 \7 L7 ?5 N# o
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined5 j5 ~8 r" K: w( Q
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
; {% N2 }! y5 P; a C2 H& CJohn and Victoria.1 S3 i$ a4 s: j3 m9 ]
" V2 U$ ~0 [4 Z5 B, g: [ The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
- I) V( F2 X( F9 C, B. F/ S* ycomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of/ @ i+ I, r3 S: l
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
# `- F ]% R9 sreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price2 Z3 G4 J/ J0 I$ W4 ]
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities( k& T; s! i: R0 i [0 K9 ~$ A. x
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
3 K$ [* Y1 g0 b1 u/ g0 C. Aavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
2 e u5 H- |) ~" `( L0 B5 }7 Tfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
; { e! i% S- ~version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
* S7 Z. [+ }0 ~" y3 | H6 f {November 15, 2006.) R# C& e8 |: {9 A# F
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of- K9 D+ W$ I1 N( j! E$ N/ x$ A4 u( G
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge( M% _2 u4 @' @( z. Y1 G
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
& V9 r8 {( z q! N6 Tavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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