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Traditional Chinese phonology divides the syllable into an Initial and Final. The* X- {4 x8 N: Q8 m% c( K, }+ o* i* x
Initial is the way a syllable begins, usually with a consonant. The Final is the! G( a2 l& Y% z+ v) [
syllable minus the Initial. For example, in ta, chi, jin, chuang, the Finals are a, i, in,! M) L* z1 [" n
and uang, respectively. The longest form of a Final consists of three parts: a medial
3 c1 T: U1 n9 ]' {1 I$ l8 o(or: semivowel), a main vowel (or: head vowel), and an ending (or, in the case of' v4 {" r% Q( W, W7 X$ l0 b
retroflex suffixes, sometimes two endings, as in the er-sound ming’er ‘tomorrow’).) `/ ? L0 p. Y9 p7 Y1 t1 Z$ D# i
A Final in Mandarin comprises one of four medials: º (empty), /i/, /u/, or /iu/ (=
& ?- |4 M8 T4 Y' e[y], one of three vowels: /a/, /e/, or /o/, and one of six endings: º, -i, -u, -n, -N, and [”]" r0 m+ p1 D5 f7 w8 N/ s, P
(phonetically -r).13 Actually, there are only 40 different Finals (if Finals involving% G" k& V) k4 p- k) W2 D5 _
retroflex suffixes are not counted). As a result of these very severe restrictions on% |! ~' s1 H" U* D1 b6 M
possible syllables in Mandarin, no obstruent clusters are possible in the onset
h& J9 R. {: j Y3 I(Initial) nor in the coda (Final). Onset clusters can maximally have a length of two; ?6 ~5 g7 @3 r# f: m8 c/ m. C
segments, in which case the consonant closest to the vocalic nucleus must be a" Y( U z& v7 H5 g( f
semivowel. Coda clusters are disallowed; in fact, syllables are generally open, i.e.
9 t6 S9 S0 _2 E: W4 t0 r. Mend with a vowel. The only possible coda consonants are the nasals /n/ and /N/. In
( q% D4 m( X+ U& D! V6 P7 ` f' { mcompound vowels with /a, e, o/ as the first segment and /i, u/ as the second element,! n0 M9 J* l; U8 O# F d
the latter are phonetically realised as semivowels, creating a diphthong. .. bla...bla... bla..
" N& O0 L! ]( _: G) k5 D9 u, A0 J0 K) \
(source: Wang Hongyan, year unkown, English as a lingua franca:Mutual intelligibility of Chinese, Dutch)
4 I# o( |' Q: s0 \" g/ I/ Mand American speakers of English, |
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狗仔卡
发表于 2009-4-18 08:18
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡
发表于 2009-4-18 10:05
